The Integration And Combined Utilization Of Renewable...

Several researches have discussed the Integration and combined utilization of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, small hydropower and their hybrid configurations. Different authors used different Technology option and approaches for a range of hybrid systems at different times, locations and different countries for determination of the optimal design of the hybrid system in terms of cost and the reliability that has become of great importance with the increasing in using of hybrid renewable energy systems, especially in remote area electrification. There have been a number of researches carried out in this regard over the last few decades. Dufo-Là ³pez et-al, [1] used Monte Carlo simulation to consider the uncertainties of irradiation and load for the optimization of the electrical supply of a hospital existed far from the electric grid in Kalong (Democratic Republic of the Congo), which is presently powered by a diesel–battery system. The optimization process based on IHOGA software and the results showed that adding solar photovoltaic (PV) to a diesel–battery system to supply the loads could obtain a 28% reduction in energy cost, 54% reduction in the fuel consumption and reducing in CO2 emissions lower than the current diesel–battery system. M. Fadaeenejad et-al, [2] presented an analysis and optimization for a hybrid system (PV/ wind/ batteries) which designed for rural electrification in Malaysia. The evaluation of the optimization accomplishedShow MoreRelatedGlobal Climate Change : A Growing Population801 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic concerns regarding energy use are driving forces towards more sustainable ways of responding to energy demands (Li et al., 2011). Energy consumption is widely increasing all around the world resulting in rising of the energy price and global environmental problems. It is estimated that the world energy consumption will increase from 522 EJ in 2006 to 570 EJ in 2015 and 730 EJ in 2030. Due to the rising energy demand and diminishing energy resources, sustainability and energy conservation are becomingRead MoreEconomic And Environmental Integration And Optimization Of Biomass Based Chp And Micro Chp Into Hvac Systems1679 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental integration and optimization of biomass based CHP and micro CHP into HVAC systems, using life cycle assessment methodology Global climate change, a growing population, decreasing availability of fossil fuels increasing environmental and economic concerns regarding energy use are driving forces towards more sustainable ways of responding to energy demands (Li et al., 2011). Energy consumption is widely increasing all around the world resulting in rising of the energy price and globalRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Associated With Conventional Power Plants Provide The Drive For Developments1595 Words   |  7 Pagesplants provide the drive for developments in ‘‘on-site’’ and ‘‘near-site’’ power generation. Combined, heating, and power (CHP) systems can possibly increase resource energy efficiency and reduce air pollutant emissions noticeably. CHP systems produce both electric and thermal energy, changing over 75– 80% of the fuel source into useful energy [International Energy Agency (IEA), 2008]. International Energy Agency (IEA) reported in 2007 th at CHP systems produce approximately 9% of global power generationRead MoreLandfill Gas Generation And Collection From Waste1840 Words   |  8 Pagesto control moisture infiltration, mitigate the release of LFG, prevent and pests from rummaging through the refuse. It also allows the site to be re-used in the future [Kim, 2003]. Figure 3: Typical Landfill Gas Recovery and Use Project Diagram Source: Globalmethane.org 2.3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT LFG GENERATION AND COLLECTION I. Quantity of Waste Disposed: The amount disposed at the landfill is directly affects the amount of LFG generated. The more waste you have in the well, the more LFG producedRead MoreIs Westernisation Cultural Degradation or Enrichment2264 Words   |  10 PagesFACTS-based reactive power compensation of wind energy conversion system abstract Voltage control and reactive power compensation in a distribution network with embedded wind energy conversion system (WECS) represent main concern of this paper. The WECS is of a fixed speed/constant frequency type that is equipped with an induction generator driven by an unregulated wind turbine. The problem is viewed from short term (10 seconds) and mid-term (10 minutes) time domain responses of the systemRead MoreScope of Solar Thermal Power Plants in India3012 Words   |  13 PagesMohamed Razik Ali E.Praveen SCOPE OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA U. Mohamed Razik Ali (UG student) E.Praveen (UG student) praveen93psn@gmail.com mohamedrazikali@gmail.com Abstract Now-a-days the importance of electrical energy is very severe, that no one could live without it. In such a condition, in India and especially in southern India there is a great demand for electricity. This article refers to such a problem and also gives a solution .Moreover calculations basedRead MoreAdoption of Leed as a Green Building Rating System in Nigeria4578 Words   |  19 Pagesderived. These include sustainable sites and structure design efficiency, water efficiency, energy efficiency, materials efficiency, indoor environmental quality, operations and maintenance optimization, innovation and design process, waste and toxic reduction etc. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. The green building rating system, LEED ® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), a designation developed by the United States Green Building CouncilRead MoreThe Effect Of Using A High Temperature Fuel Cell With Combined Heat And Power2314 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract. Future energy systems should include distributed power generation with combined heat and power. A study is conducted to evaluate the economic competitiveness of using a high temperature fuel cell with combined heat and power as a distributed power generation system against the conventional grid supplied power system at a sewage treatment facility. This report evaluates the economic benefits of using natural gas or biogas from the sewage treatment plant at the Flint-Biogas Complex to powerRead MoreAnalysis Of Newton Raphson Load Flow Method With Wind Power2941 Words   |  12 PagesRapid consumption of non renewable fossil fuels as sources of energy has lead to depletion of these resources. So the price o f petroleum resource has increased in the international market. A growing concern over their environmental effects has lead to research and development in the area of renewable energy to find an alternative source of energy for future. Wind energy which possesses the highest power density amongst various renewable energy sources, is one such source. [27]. The foremost problemsRead MoreThe Indian Solar Pv Market10243 Words   |  41 Pageslenders were also able to provide financing at rates lower than those offered by domestic banks. Coupled with the falling cost of solar modules, this low-cost financing strengthened the industry by contributing to an impressive drop in the cost of solar energy even as new capacity was added. The viability gap funding (VGF) mechanism employed in the first batch of NSM Phase 2 projects in 2014 allows developers to bid for additional upfront capital required to make the project financially viable at a tariff

Gender Inequality Across All Professions - 1799 Words

In the past half century, America has seen a historic decline in gender inequality across many realms of society. Women have reached levels of success that they never have before, finding equality in education, employment and political representation. Yet despite these gains, inequality remains a persistent issue. It is particularly prominent in the workplace, where women face the glass ceiling effect and a significant gender wage gap across all professions. A closer look at the competing explanations – broadly defined as meritocratic versus structural – shows that although the first may play a role in unequal pay, the second, which encompasses systemic problems of discrimination and gender â€Å"pay penalties,† contribute quite significantly†¦show more content†¦So why does a country that values economic growth and gender equality have such a persistent wage gap? Two basic concepts exist for explaining this inequality. The primary one is the â€Å"widely shared and deeply institutionalized belief in meritocracy† (Cech, 2010, p. 371). This belief infers that individuals will gain advantages in a society through their work and their will power, and that those who don’t manage to get ahead are responsible for their own shortcomings and losses. The second explanation uses systemic or structural factors in society that work against individuals to explain inequality. Examples of this include a person’s race, their pre-existing economic status, or disabilities they suffer, all of which could subject the individuals possessing them to social discrimination and thus provide a barrier to advancement or economic gain. Cech (2010) argues that these perceptions are significant in that they inform the specific decisions that people make in movements toward equality. While most Americans believe in the meritocratic explanation for inequality, Cech (2010) argues that different work and social situations will influence what people believe about gender inequality, whether it be meritocratic or structural. For example, lower-class workers tend to hold more structural beliefs, as do primary breadwinners/single mothers. Married women and those with higher-level jobs in their field have a greater tendency

Corporate Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Question: What is the Role of Innovation in the Economy and in Society? Answer: Introduction For an organization to grow develop, they need to innovate new products or the way of doing business to gain profit and stay ahead of the competitors (Amit and Zott 2012). The types of innovation and the frequency of innovation by an entrepreneur or a corporate organization help them to understand the need of the innovation (Zahra and Nambisan 2012). The perception of the customers for the company will also change based on the innovations brought about by the organization. The present write-up will focus on the importance of innovation and creativity in a corporate organization or by an entrepreneur. The importance of the innovation will also be studied from the industrial, economic and social development perspective. The importance in different types of firms will also be evaluated. The examples of the innovation by various entrepreneurs at the technological and social level will help the readers to understand that without the innovation, the entrepreneurs might not be at loss but with it, they will be able to stay ahead of others. Secondly, the theories related to innovation will be assess and argued to understand the application of innovation in various fields. Finally, the goals of innovation will throw light on the need of innovation by the corporate organizations or the entrepreneurs. Importance of creativity and innovation The importance of creativity and innovation can be felt in all types of organization. Starting from the private and public firms till the non-profit organization innovation in business is necessary for all (George, McGahan and Prabhu 2012). In addition to this, the size of the company does not matter when it comes to innovations in business (Boons and Ldeke-Freund 2013). For any company to grow, innovations are important and should be kept as priority to compete with other organizations (Brettel et al. 2012). However, it is up to the organization to decide the type of innovation that will help the organization to enhance their business in the respective field. Industrial The importance of industrial innovation can be felt in every type of sectors. As far as the industrial innovations are concerned, the companies and the entrepreneurs need to innovate to stay ahead of the competitors (Seebode, Jeanrenaud and Bessant 2012). The demands of the customers are constantly changing as well as getting upgraded. The industrial innovation will help the industries to investigate the new technologies in the field of business and eventually help them to innovate more to stay ahead of the competitors. Economic The industrial innovation will lead to economic innovation as well. Once a company will innovate new products and services, it will gain better business and eventually the economic condition of the organization will rise (Trimi and Berbegal-Mirabent 2012). In the long run, the company will be able innovate other ways that will help them to manage their finances well and gain more profit from the business (Casadesus?Masanell and Zhu 2013). Social development The innovations in the social development will mainly come from the innovation that will be brought about the non-profit organizations (Lampel, Jha and Bhalla 2012). The non-profit organizations mainly carry out their business so that they are able to serve the society and the environment. Thus, the innovations that will be brought about by the non-profit organizations will help in the social development of the society. Darren Lim, a young entrepreneur from Singapore designed the touch plus. Touch plus is a motion-capturing device that will help an individual to replace the mouse with that device (Jacobs 2013). Touch plus will be connected with the computer and the person operating the computer will be able to carry out the functions with the help of the gestures. Any type of device like the tablets, android devices, smart televisions and iOS can be operated by a user just by simply tapping or swiping on a surface. The device costs around US$74.99 and the innovation helped Darren Lim to get the Thiel Fellowship that is funded by the founder of the company PayPal. The innovation might not seem important when it was not there but it helped the Darren Lim to give people the ease of operating a computer without a mouse. Hence, the innovation led to reduction of a device while operating the computer. He world toilet organization is another non-profit organization that was started by Jack Sim after he noticed that the lack of sanitization and hygiene in the toilets (Lee 2014). Currently, World Toilet Organization has become a part of international venture but the campaign was started by a Singaporean entrepreneur (Sim 2016). No individual can think that innovation could be made in the fields of toilets, but the innovation with the toilets spread the awareness that toilets are necessary and hygienic toilets will help the people to lead a clean life. Arguments based on theory Joseph Schumpeter gave rise to the concept of business cycles (Parker 2012). According to the author, the business cycles come to a stationery state if there is no innovation on the part of the entrepreneur. Schumpeter called the stationery state the Walarasian Equilibrium. Figure 1: Economic growth through innovation by Joseph Schumpeter (Source: Parker 2012) He believes the entrepreneur is the hero of the business and the actions taken by the entrepreneur will decide the variations in the cycles. Joseph Schumpeter talked about innovation, entrepreneurship and the theories related to both. Joseph Schumpeter introduced he cycle and long wave theory. According to Schumpeter, long cycles of business are mainly cased due to the innovations in the business. Schumpeter argued that the instability in the cycles is mainly due to the innovation brought about the entrepreneurs. When there are fluctuations in the innovations brought about by the entrepreneurs, it will cause fluctuations in the investments by the customers and eventually the result will be visible in the cycles of the economic growth. He further believed that the innovations form clusters and the clusters accumulate to give rise to longer business cycles. The clusters then help aggregate growth of the business. BeMyGuest is one such company where the entrepreneur Blanca Menchaca and Clement Wong thought of assisting the local travel operators (Tung 2016). The website would help the travel operators with translations and online inventory. The travel operators would have the used way to operate the tours. However, BeMyGuest would have helped the travel industry by uplifting the position of the travel operators of the country. Schumpeter came up with the innovation theory where he mentioned the types of innovation that can be taken up by the entrepreneur to enhance their business (?ledzik 2013). A new product or a new form of an old product is launched New methods of production or sale will be applied. The method should be new to the market. Identifying a new market where the predicts can be launched, which the previous marketers might not have thought about Identifying new sources where new suppliers could be acquired Giving rise to new industry structure that will be helpful in competing with the existing industry structure and helpful in breaking an existing monopoly in the market. Figure 2: The innovation theory (Source: ?ledzik 2013) He further believed that if any entrepreneur is seeking profit from the business, the best way is to innovate. In this way, the chance of growth will be more as the customers will get something that they have not heard about before. Shell Techworks is one such innovation where it found a new platform where the entrepreneurs could meet and discuss about the challenge of meeting the demand of high technology but within a limited budget (Shell.com.sg 2016). Until now the entrepreneurs have been competing with each other but the new innovation helped them to work together for a better future. Even though Schumpeter made entrepreneur the hero of the business, yet it can be argued that the employees of an organization can also help in bringing the innovation of the organization (Boons et al. 2013). As the employees are more acquainted with the problems of the organization and hence they will be able to suggest the ways innovation can be brought about in the organization and the types of innovation that would be needed by the organization (Baden-Fuller and Haefliger 2013). Identification and assessment of key innovation goals Innovation in an organization involves a number of other factors such as collaboration, ideation, implementation, and the creation of value for the goods and services offered by the company. In the opinion of Drucker (2014), innovation is not an easy activity that is conducted by the organization. Innovation includes the development process of some product or services that are carried out before with the desire that the target audiences are satisfied with it. In order to carry out the process of innovation, the funding, customer interest, product development, employee motivation, and marketing needs to be done. The innovation goals of the organization help the employees or the team to focus on the priorities that are important for the organization. It supports the correct decision making of the managers. The innovation goals of the organization differ from one organization to another depending upon the aim and the activities performed by the organization. The appropriate innovation goals of the company are identified using the key elements of the company. The collaboration of the activities within the organization helps to determine the areas where the innovation is required. Based on these result, the innovation goals for the company are set. However, Davenport (2013) argued that the collaborative process is more than working together of the employees. Moreover, to set the appropriate innovation goals, it is important for the managers to carry out the market research and understand the market demand and the needs. Based on the demand, the innovation in the company can be performed to meet the customers expectation. On the other hand, the fresh new ideas of the employees and managers help the organization to design the appropriate innovative goals for the company that supports the firm to stand out in the market. Goldberg (2013) further suggested that defining the type of innovation that helps to boost up the growth level of the company and thereby meet the strategic objectives of the company. Adding the innovation to the formal agenda at the leadership meetings is an effective way to identify and the innovation goals for the organization. Nevertheless, identification of the innovation goals in the organization is not only the prime activity of the managers. The goals need to be effectively implemented in order to achieve the expected outcome for the company. The effectiveness of the goals can be determined by assessing the innovation goals that have been identified. To perform the assessment it is important for the innovation team to emotional ownership in the organization. In the process, the team works toward following the mission of the company, turn the ideas into sustainable, disruptive or escaping form (Christensen, Anthony and Roth 2013). As the innovative ideas are created in a very lose manner, it needs to be guided by the requirements so that the new product or venture is successfully obtained. Moreover, the assessment process includes reporting of the managers or the team coach to the company in order to analyze the performance of the company regarding the innovation. The assessment of the innovation includes assessing the consumers, the competitors and the peers of the company outside the workplace. The managers in the organization use research based strategies. Applying those strategies into the business helps in achieving the best possible outcome (Wooten and Ulrich 2014). The assessment further includes the determination of the risk involved and thereby adopts alternative risk management strategies. Conclusion The conclusion that can be drawn after evaluating different aspects of innovation is quite equal to what Schumpeter has said that if an individual wants to make profit, the person should think about innovation. The importance of innovation can be found in aspects like industrial, economic and social development. An innovation can be called once something is developed new in that field as taught by the innovation theory of Schumpeter. However, Schumpeter mainly stressed on the fact that the entrepreneur is able to bring about the innovation. It can be argued that not only the entrepreneur, at times, the employees are responsible to bring about the innovation in the organization. The entrepreneur should consider the contribution of the employees before implementing an innovation. Sim lived up to the ideas of Schumpeter by innovating the toilets for better sanitization by creating the world toilet organization. The innovation goals that have been identified are growth of an organization as well as comparative advantage. When an organization innovates, it helps them to comparative advantage over the competitors with the help of strategic decision-making. The performance of the company could be assessed to understand whether the goal set by the company has been achieved through innovation. References Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. Baden-Fuller, C. and Haefliger, S., 2013. Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), pp.419-426. Boons, F. and Ldeke-Freund, F., 2013. Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.9-19. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J. and Wagner, M., 2013. Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.1-8. Brettel, M., Oswald, M. and Flatten, T., 2012. Alignment of market orientation and innovation as a success factor: A five-country study.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,24(2), pp.151-165. Casadesus?Masanell, R. and Zhu, F., 2013. Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor?based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), pp.464-482. Christensen, C., Anthony, S. and Roth, E.A., 2013. Seeing what's next: Using the theories of innovation to predict industry change. Harvard Business Press. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Drucker, P., 2014. Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. George, G., McGahan, A.M. and Prabhu, J., 2012. Innovation for inclusive growth: Towards a theoretical framework and a research agenda.Journal of management studies,49(4), pp.661-683. Goldberg, D.E., 2013. The design of innovation: Lessons from and for competent genetic algorithms (Vol. 7). Springer Science Business Media. Jacobs, M. 2013.Social innovation: lessons from Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/social-enterprise-network/2013/may/14/social-innovation-singapore-south-korea-taiwan [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Lampel, J., Jha, P.P. and Bhalla, A., 2012. Test-driving the future: How design competitions are changing innovation.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(2), pp.71-85. Lee, T. 2014.Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem. [online] Techinasia.com. Available at: https://www.techinasia.com/5-innovative-gadgets-proudly-designed-singapore [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Seebode, D., Jeanrenaud, S. and Bessant, J., 2012. Managing innovation for sustainability.RD Management,42(3), pp.195-206. Shell.com.sg, 2016.Innovating together. [online] Shell.com.sg. Available at: https://www.shell.com.sg/energy-and-innovation/innovating-together.html [Accessed 23 Dec. 2016]. Sim, J. 2016.World Toilet. [online] World Toilet. Available at: https://worldtoilet.org/who-we-are/our-story/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. ?ledzik, K., 2013. Schumpeters view on innovation and entrepreneurship.Management Trends in Theory and Practice,(ed.) Stefan Hittmar, Faculty of Management Science and Informatics, University of Zilina Institute of Management by University of Zilina. Trimi, S. and Berbegal-Mirabent, J., 2012. Business model innovation in entrepreneurship.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(4), pp.449-465. Tung, Y. 2016.BeMyGuest becomes the first Singapore-based startup to join Fast Company's Top 50 Most Innovative Companies list. [online] e27. Available at: https://e27.co/bemyguest-becomes-first-singapore-based-startup-join-fast-companys-top-50-innovative-companies-list-20160216/ [Accessed 23 Dec. 2016]. Wooten, J.O. and Ulrich, K.T., 2014. Idea generation and the role of feedback: Evidence from field experiments with innovation tournaments. Available at SSRN 1838733. Zahra, S.A. and Nambisan, S., 2012. Entrepreneurship and strategic thinking in business ecosystems. Business Horizons, 55(3), pp.219-229.