A Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis Essay Example For Students

An Investigation into Essay Example for Free

An Investigation into Essay Notwithstanding, if the perusing on the ammeter or voltmeter was not taken rapidly, the temperature may have risen, and in this way the obstruction of the wire would have expanded as well. This would imply that the outcomes would not be absolutely exact, as the examinations would not be reasonable. 2. There may have been a few issues with the hardware that would help clarify potential abnormalities other than human mistake. For instance, the wire utilized may not be unadulterated, and the gear was not absolutely exact, because of incessant use, and the way that it was fabricated and kept up to a poor norm. 3. As various lengths of wire should have been utilized, I cut separate lengths of Constantan wire, rather than utilizing a similar segment of wire and changing the focuses at which the crocodile was associated. It is plausible that each different segment of wire had various measures of polluting influences in them, and thusly the readings won't be completely precise. 4. A portion of the oddities will have been brought about by human mistake in the estimating of the wire. This is on the grounds that it isn't exceptionally reasonable to hold a bit of wire straight and cut it impeccably at the assigned length. The crocodile clasps will likewise have not been set precisely at the particular length, thus the real length of the wire in the circuits will fluctuate from the length recorded. 5. The crocodile cuts utilized were mostly rusted in places, and that would have kept them from shaping a decent association with the wire. They were not associated safely as they were old and much utilized with the goal that the clasps could be effortlessly moved to adjust the length. Despite the fact that there were numerous odds for a mistake to happen, there are none that clearly stick out. I don't feel, in any case, that the utilization of a meager wire in this investigation was an appropriate decision, as the wire was rarely really straight. It is smarter to utilize a less pliable metal material, for example, a bar, or in certainty just to utilize the rheostat, as it is a long bit of curled wire that can be associated at various lengths to change the obstruction of the circuit. Trial Two: Investigation into how fluctuating the cross-sectional zone of a wire will influence its obstruction. Reasonable Test: In request to guarantee that the examination is as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances, just one factor will be shifted: the cross-sectional zone of the wire. Different variables will be kept consistent as demonstrated as follows: The length of the wire will be kept steady at 40cm, as this factor has been investigated in the examination researching length. I will utilize Constantan wire all through, as there were a bigger assortment of thicknesses accessible to me with this material. The temperature of the wires toward the beginning must be the equivalent to ensure that a reasonable test is completed. The temperature must be kept at room temperature, with the goal that the electrons in the wire are not given varying measure of vitality. Strategy: Safety: Precautions must be taken with the goal that no water gets close to any of the electrical machines. It is basic that you don't contact or spot free wires onto the wire that is being tried as it gets hot during the investigation. Leave the wire after the trial for a concise period so as to let the wire cool before contacting. Apparatus:â Varying cross-sectional regions of Constantan wire (as assigned in plan) to be tried, all 40cm long Rheostatâ Power supplyâ Voltmeter Ammeter 2 interfacing wires with crocodile cuts 4 associating wiresâ A 1 meter rulerâ Scissors The accompanying circuit was utilized in the trial exploring the cross-sectional region: Plan: 1. Associate circuit as appeared in outline over 2. Supplement first cross-sectional territory of wire to be tried into the circuit, for this situation: 22 SWG. 3. Turn on the force flexibly and rapidly take readings from both the ammeter and the voltmeter. 4. Rehash until all the accompanying thickness have been tried and have had readings taken: a. 22 SWG b. 26 SWG c. 28 SWG d. 32 SWG e. 34 SWG as of now referenced in the test researching length, the force flexibly utilized was constructed with the goal that 6 amps was the greatest ebb and flow permitted to go through the circuit, and again I decided to set the force pack on 4 volts. The entire examination must be rehashed multiple times for precision, and afterward a normal of these will be taken and utilized in the outcomes table and chart. To ensure that the investigation is as precise as could reasonably be expected, the wire being tried must be held straight, so it doesn't come into contact with anything besides the crocodile cuts, thus that there are no curves in the wire. This is to guarantee that it doesn't short out or influence the opposition, in order to verify that the readings are not risked. The readings should likewise be taken rapidly after finishing of the circuit, so the present going through the wire doesn't influence the temperature, and perhaps bringing about an expansion in the opposition that will give confounding outcomes. After testing the analysis I have arrived at the resolution that the arrangement will create precise readings and not very many blunders. With it, I had the option to acquire these outcomes: Results: Thickness of wire (SWG) Average Voltage (V) (Volts) Average Current (I) (Amps) Resistance (R) (to 2d. p) The standard wire measure (SWG) can be utilized to discover the range. From this we can utilize the recipe underneath to work out the cross-sectional territory in mmi : ?ri Thickness of wire (SWG) Radius of wire (to 2d. p) (mm) Cross-sectional region (to 2d. p) (mmi ) 1/cross-sectional region (proportional) (to 2. Perceptions: Again, as in the main analysis, I saw that the readings on the voltmeter and ammeter flashed among numbers, thus I accepting the principal number as the most precise estimation because of the impacts of temperature change. Toward the start of the trial I was likewise going to test a Constantan wire of 30 SWG, however when testing this wire it furnished me with indistinguishable outcomes from that of 32 SWG. This most likely implied one of the wires was checked erroneously, so I just utilized one of them and stamped it as 32 SWG as this followed the bend of my chart. Abnormalities: The chart suggests that my perusing for the obstruction of the 28 SWG wire was inaccurate, as it varies around 0. 85 ? from my line of best fit. This is likely in light of the fact that the wires were stirred up (as this had just happened), as the outcome for this wire fits in with my line of best fit for a thickness of around 31 SWG. Ends: In perspective on my outcomes and the chart I had the option to develop from them, I have made the accompanying decisions: a. As anticipated, when the cross-sectional zone of the wire expanded, the obstruction likewise expanded. b. The diagram shows a solid pattern shaping a bended line, indicating that the cross-sectional region of a conductor is conversely relative to the obstruction (as appeared in the chart recording the complementary of the cross-sectional region): as the cross-sectional territory pairs, the opposition will split. From my investigation, I can say that my forecast was right. This can be demonstrated via cautiously contemplating both power and electrical conduits. Power is the progression of vitality starting with one spot then onto the next. Metal electrical conduits empower vitality to be gone through them by containing an ocean of unreservedly versatile electrons, which convey the vitality. At the point when the electrons in the conductor are given enough vitality, they can move starting with one finish of the conductor then onto the next, and accordingly make a current. There is just a specific measure of room for the electrons to move in the conductor, thus impacts may happen between the electrons and some other stable particles contained in the conductor. On the off chance that the width (cross-sectional region) of the channel, for this situation a wire, is multiplied, the electrons have twofold the measure of room, thus the likelihood of a crash between the electrons and any stable or polluting influences in the wire is divided. This implies a large portion of the measure of electrical vitality is being changed over into heat vitality by crashes, thus the obstruction is additionally divided. Assessment: There were a couple of missteps in my examination, for the most part brought about via lack of regard in the capacity of the materials utilized: 1. I remembered a rheostat for my circuit, yet I didn't change it for each perusing (to control the flow) as I accepted that leaving the circuit associated for an extensive stretch of time would impressively adjust the temperature of the wire, as crashes happened and electrical vitality was changed over into heat, so the flow readings differ marginally, which I accept will create shifting temperatures, however none so significantly as to render my outcomes absolutely erroneous. 2. In any case, I endeavored to take the readings for the ammeter and voltmeter rapidly with the goal that any temperature change would be exceptionally slight and would not influence the outcomes. 3. There were a few issues with the gear I utilized all through this investigation. The mechanical assembly was not absolutely exact as it was fabricated and kept up to a poor standard because of absence of assets, for instance the crocodile cuts were covered in rust, thus the contact among it and the wire was not great. The wires were named inaccurately so the outcomes were confounding. 4. A portion of the oddities will have been brought about by human blunder in the estimating of the wire. This is on the grounds that it isn't down to earth to hold a bit of wire straight and cut it flawlessly at the assigned length. The crocodile clasps will likewise have not been set precisely at the particular length, thus the genuine length of the wire in the circuits will differ from the length recorded. In spite of the fact that there were a couple of missteps in this examination, all in all I do accept that they furnished me with a decent reason for my decisions.

Definition Essay Topics For College

Definition Essay Topics For CollegeDefinition essay topics for college are often too advanced for a high school student. There is, however, something that every student can do to earn a decent grade on a definition essay, whether or not the topic is advanced. Even if the subject is basic enough for a high school student, there are a number of general topics that will earn the student a passing grade.The first thing to realize is that the definitions are not the essay topics for college. The topics are what the reader will focus on, as they pertain to the topic. Because of this, it is important to keep the reader engaged in the essay, and be as specific as possible with the terms and definitions.More often than not, the more abstract terms and broad topics are going to earn the most points. For example, your definition essay may have the word 'dog' and a picture of a dog. The reader is going to have a hard time not noticing the dog, unless the writer is exceptionally vague. It is for this reason that you should choose more specific and less generalized words when writing about any topic, not just a definition.Writing about a specific topic is easier than you think. Before you actually start writing, find an image, event, or person to use as the main subject of the essay. Using a person who is completely unrelated to the topic is a waste of time. Instead, find a person who will relate to the topic, and uses the word or definition you are using.When using a word related to the topic, it is helpful to distinguish the word from its meaning. For example, 'related' can mean 'compatible,' 'concordant,' or 'compatible.' While 'related' is good, 'semi-related' is better. A semi-related is 'not compatible, 'or 'not as compatible' to the topic.Keep in mind that the story you are trying to tell is not a fact, but an argument. To do this, you should always give examples from someone's life, or experience, and get them to admit that they agreed with what you were saying. This means they do not agree with everything that you wrote. Readers want to believe that they can and will come to similar conclusions based on the ideas presented in the essay.In addition to the benefits of presenting your topic in a way that keeps your readers engaged, you should also take the time to provide context. Many people know what a 'logic' question is but do not know how to answer one. 'Is there a scientist who knows how to answer your logic question?' This kind of question will give the reader a hint as to how they should answer the related question.By following these tips, your definition essay topics for college will be more effective and interesting. They will not only get the grade you want, but will also engage the reader.

The Integration And Combined Utilization Of Renewable...

Several researches have discussed the Integration and combined utilization of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, small hydropower and their hybrid configurations. Different authors used different Technology option and approaches for a range of hybrid systems at different times, locations and different countries for determination of the optimal design of the hybrid system in terms of cost and the reliability that has become of great importance with the increasing in using of hybrid renewable energy systems, especially in remote area electrification. There have been a number of researches carried out in this regard over the last few decades. Dufo-Là ³pez et-al, [1] used Monte Carlo simulation to consider the uncertainties of irradiation and load for the optimization of the electrical supply of a hospital existed far from the electric grid in Kalong (Democratic Republic of the Congo), which is presently powered by a diesel–battery system. The optimization process based on IHOGA software and the results showed that adding solar photovoltaic (PV) to a diesel–battery system to supply the loads could obtain a 28% reduction in energy cost, 54% reduction in the fuel consumption and reducing in CO2 emissions lower than the current diesel–battery system. M. Fadaeenejad et-al, [2] presented an analysis and optimization for a hybrid system (PV/ wind/ batteries) which designed for rural electrification in Malaysia. The evaluation of the optimization accomplishedShow MoreRelatedGlobal Climate Change : A Growing Population801 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic concerns regarding energy use are driving forces towards more sustainable ways of responding to energy demands (Li et al., 2011). Energy consumption is widely increasing all around the world resulting in rising of the energy price and global environmental problems. It is estimated that the world energy consumption will increase from 522 EJ in 2006 to 570 EJ in 2015 and 730 EJ in 2030. Due to the rising energy demand and diminishing energy resources, sustainability and energy conservation are becomingRead MoreEconomic And Environmental Integration And Optimization Of Biomass Based Chp And Micro Chp Into Hvac Systems1679 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental integration and optimization of biomass based CHP and micro CHP into HVAC systems, using life cycle assessment methodology Global climate change, a growing population, decreasing availability of fossil fuels increasing environmental and economic concerns regarding energy use are driving forces towards more sustainable ways of responding to energy demands (Li et al., 2011). Energy consumption is widely increasing all around the world resulting in rising of the energy price and globalRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Associated With Conventional Power Plants Provide The Drive For Developments1595 Words   |  7 Pagesplants provide the drive for developments in ‘‘on-site’’ and ‘‘near-site’’ power generation. Combined, heating, and power (CHP) systems can possibly increase resource energy efficiency and reduce air pollutant emissions noticeably. CHP systems produce both electric and thermal energy, changing over 75– 80% of the fuel source into useful energy [International Energy Agency (IEA), 2008]. International Energy Agency (IEA) reported in 2007 th at CHP systems produce approximately 9% of global power generationRead MoreLandfill Gas Generation And Collection From Waste1840 Words   |  8 Pagesto control moisture infiltration, mitigate the release of LFG, prevent and pests from rummaging through the refuse. It also allows the site to be re-used in the future [Kim, 2003]. Figure 3: Typical Landfill Gas Recovery and Use Project Diagram Source: Globalmethane.org 2.3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT LFG GENERATION AND COLLECTION I. Quantity of Waste Disposed: The amount disposed at the landfill is directly affects the amount of LFG generated. The more waste you have in the well, the more LFG producedRead MoreIs Westernisation Cultural Degradation or Enrichment2264 Words   |  10 PagesFACTS-based reactive power compensation of wind energy conversion system abstract Voltage control and reactive power compensation in a distribution network with embedded wind energy conversion system (WECS) represent main concern of this paper. The WECS is of a fixed speed/constant frequency type that is equipped with an induction generator driven by an unregulated wind turbine. The problem is viewed from short term (10 seconds) and mid-term (10 minutes) time domain responses of the systemRead MoreScope of Solar Thermal Power Plants in India3012 Words   |  13 PagesMohamed Razik Ali E.Praveen SCOPE OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA U. Mohamed Razik Ali (UG student) E.Praveen (UG student) praveen93psn@gmail.com mohamedrazikali@gmail.com Abstract Now-a-days the importance of electrical energy is very severe, that no one could live without it. In such a condition, in India and especially in southern India there is a great demand for electricity. This article refers to such a problem and also gives a solution .Moreover calculations basedRead MoreAdoption of Leed as a Green Building Rating System in Nigeria4578 Words   |  19 Pagesderived. These include sustainable sites and structure design efficiency, water efficiency, energy efficiency, materials efficiency, indoor environmental quality, operations and maintenance optimization, innovation and design process, waste and toxic reduction etc. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. The green building rating system, LEED ® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), a designation developed by the United States Green Building CouncilRead MoreThe Effect Of Using A High Temperature Fuel Cell With Combined Heat And Power2314 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract. Future energy systems should include distributed power generation with combined heat and power. A study is conducted to evaluate the economic competitiveness of using a high temperature fuel cell with combined heat and power as a distributed power generation system against the conventional grid supplied power system at a sewage treatment facility. This report evaluates the economic benefits of using natural gas or biogas from the sewage treatment plant at the Flint-Biogas Complex to powerRead MoreAnalysis Of Newton Raphson Load Flow Method With Wind Power2941 Words   |  12 PagesRapid consumption of non renewable fossil fuels as sources of energy has lead to depletion of these resources. So the price o f petroleum resource has increased in the international market. A growing concern over their environmental effects has lead to research and development in the area of renewable energy to find an alternative source of energy for future. Wind energy which possesses the highest power density amongst various renewable energy sources, is one such source. [27]. The foremost problemsRead MoreThe Indian Solar Pv Market10243 Words   |  41 Pageslenders were also able to provide financing at rates lower than those offered by domestic banks. Coupled with the falling cost of solar modules, this low-cost financing strengthened the industry by contributing to an impressive drop in the cost of solar energy even as new capacity was added. The viability gap funding (VGF) mechanism employed in the first batch of NSM Phase 2 projects in 2014 allows developers to bid for additional upfront capital required to make the project financially viable at a tariff

Gender Inequality Across All Professions - 1799 Words

In the past half century, America has seen a historic decline in gender inequality across many realms of society. Women have reached levels of success that they never have before, finding equality in education, employment and political representation. Yet despite these gains, inequality remains a persistent issue. It is particularly prominent in the workplace, where women face the glass ceiling effect and a significant gender wage gap across all professions. A closer look at the competing explanations – broadly defined as meritocratic versus structural – shows that although the first may play a role in unequal pay, the second, which encompasses systemic problems of discrimination and gender â€Å"pay penalties,† contribute quite significantly†¦show more content†¦So why does a country that values economic growth and gender equality have such a persistent wage gap? Two basic concepts exist for explaining this inequality. The primary one is the â€Å"widely shared and deeply institutionalized belief in meritocracy† (Cech, 2010, p. 371). This belief infers that individuals will gain advantages in a society through their work and their will power, and that those who don’t manage to get ahead are responsible for their own shortcomings and losses. The second explanation uses systemic or structural factors in society that work against individuals to explain inequality. Examples of this include a person’s race, their pre-existing economic status, or disabilities they suffer, all of which could subject the individuals possessing them to social discrimination and thus provide a barrier to advancement or economic gain. Cech (2010) argues that these perceptions are significant in that they inform the specific decisions that people make in movements toward equality. While most Americans believe in the meritocratic explanation for inequality, Cech (2010) argues that different work and social situations will influence what people believe about gender inequality, whether it be meritocratic or structural. For example, lower-class workers tend to hold more structural beliefs, as do primary breadwinners/single mothers. Married women and those with higher-level jobs in their field have a greater tendency

Corporate Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Question: What is the Role of Innovation in the Economy and in Society? Answer: Introduction For an organization to grow develop, they need to innovate new products or the way of doing business to gain profit and stay ahead of the competitors (Amit and Zott 2012). The types of innovation and the frequency of innovation by an entrepreneur or a corporate organization help them to understand the need of the innovation (Zahra and Nambisan 2012). The perception of the customers for the company will also change based on the innovations brought about by the organization. The present write-up will focus on the importance of innovation and creativity in a corporate organization or by an entrepreneur. The importance of the innovation will also be studied from the industrial, economic and social development perspective. The importance in different types of firms will also be evaluated. The examples of the innovation by various entrepreneurs at the technological and social level will help the readers to understand that without the innovation, the entrepreneurs might not be at loss but with it, they will be able to stay ahead of others. Secondly, the theories related to innovation will be assess and argued to understand the application of innovation in various fields. Finally, the goals of innovation will throw light on the need of innovation by the corporate organizations or the entrepreneurs. Importance of creativity and innovation The importance of creativity and innovation can be felt in all types of organization. Starting from the private and public firms till the non-profit organization innovation in business is necessary for all (George, McGahan and Prabhu 2012). In addition to this, the size of the company does not matter when it comes to innovations in business (Boons and Ldeke-Freund 2013). For any company to grow, innovations are important and should be kept as priority to compete with other organizations (Brettel et al. 2012). However, it is up to the organization to decide the type of innovation that will help the organization to enhance their business in the respective field. Industrial The importance of industrial innovation can be felt in every type of sectors. As far as the industrial innovations are concerned, the companies and the entrepreneurs need to innovate to stay ahead of the competitors (Seebode, Jeanrenaud and Bessant 2012). The demands of the customers are constantly changing as well as getting upgraded. The industrial innovation will help the industries to investigate the new technologies in the field of business and eventually help them to innovate more to stay ahead of the competitors. Economic The industrial innovation will lead to economic innovation as well. Once a company will innovate new products and services, it will gain better business and eventually the economic condition of the organization will rise (Trimi and Berbegal-Mirabent 2012). In the long run, the company will be able innovate other ways that will help them to manage their finances well and gain more profit from the business (Casadesus?Masanell and Zhu 2013). Social development The innovations in the social development will mainly come from the innovation that will be brought about the non-profit organizations (Lampel, Jha and Bhalla 2012). The non-profit organizations mainly carry out their business so that they are able to serve the society and the environment. Thus, the innovations that will be brought about by the non-profit organizations will help in the social development of the society. Darren Lim, a young entrepreneur from Singapore designed the touch plus. Touch plus is a motion-capturing device that will help an individual to replace the mouse with that device (Jacobs 2013). Touch plus will be connected with the computer and the person operating the computer will be able to carry out the functions with the help of the gestures. Any type of device like the tablets, android devices, smart televisions and iOS can be operated by a user just by simply tapping or swiping on a surface. The device costs around US$74.99 and the innovation helped Darren Lim to get the Thiel Fellowship that is funded by the founder of the company PayPal. The innovation might not seem important when it was not there but it helped the Darren Lim to give people the ease of operating a computer without a mouse. Hence, the innovation led to reduction of a device while operating the computer. He world toilet organization is another non-profit organization that was started by Jack Sim after he noticed that the lack of sanitization and hygiene in the toilets (Lee 2014). Currently, World Toilet Organization has become a part of international venture but the campaign was started by a Singaporean entrepreneur (Sim 2016). No individual can think that innovation could be made in the fields of toilets, but the innovation with the toilets spread the awareness that toilets are necessary and hygienic toilets will help the people to lead a clean life. Arguments based on theory Joseph Schumpeter gave rise to the concept of business cycles (Parker 2012). According to the author, the business cycles come to a stationery state if there is no innovation on the part of the entrepreneur. Schumpeter called the stationery state the Walarasian Equilibrium. Figure 1: Economic growth through innovation by Joseph Schumpeter (Source: Parker 2012) He believes the entrepreneur is the hero of the business and the actions taken by the entrepreneur will decide the variations in the cycles. Joseph Schumpeter talked about innovation, entrepreneurship and the theories related to both. Joseph Schumpeter introduced he cycle and long wave theory. According to Schumpeter, long cycles of business are mainly cased due to the innovations in the business. Schumpeter argued that the instability in the cycles is mainly due to the innovation brought about the entrepreneurs. When there are fluctuations in the innovations brought about by the entrepreneurs, it will cause fluctuations in the investments by the customers and eventually the result will be visible in the cycles of the economic growth. He further believed that the innovations form clusters and the clusters accumulate to give rise to longer business cycles. The clusters then help aggregate growth of the business. BeMyGuest is one such company where the entrepreneur Blanca Menchaca and Clement Wong thought of assisting the local travel operators (Tung 2016). The website would help the travel operators with translations and online inventory. The travel operators would have the used way to operate the tours. However, BeMyGuest would have helped the travel industry by uplifting the position of the travel operators of the country. Schumpeter came up with the innovation theory where he mentioned the types of innovation that can be taken up by the entrepreneur to enhance their business (?ledzik 2013). A new product or a new form of an old product is launched New methods of production or sale will be applied. The method should be new to the market. Identifying a new market where the predicts can be launched, which the previous marketers might not have thought about Identifying new sources where new suppliers could be acquired Giving rise to new industry structure that will be helpful in competing with the existing industry structure and helpful in breaking an existing monopoly in the market. Figure 2: The innovation theory (Source: ?ledzik 2013) He further believed that if any entrepreneur is seeking profit from the business, the best way is to innovate. In this way, the chance of growth will be more as the customers will get something that they have not heard about before. Shell Techworks is one such innovation where it found a new platform where the entrepreneurs could meet and discuss about the challenge of meeting the demand of high technology but within a limited budget (Shell.com.sg 2016). Until now the entrepreneurs have been competing with each other but the new innovation helped them to work together for a better future. Even though Schumpeter made entrepreneur the hero of the business, yet it can be argued that the employees of an organization can also help in bringing the innovation of the organization (Boons et al. 2013). As the employees are more acquainted with the problems of the organization and hence they will be able to suggest the ways innovation can be brought about in the organization and the types of innovation that would be needed by the organization (Baden-Fuller and Haefliger 2013). Identification and assessment of key innovation goals Innovation in an organization involves a number of other factors such as collaboration, ideation, implementation, and the creation of value for the goods and services offered by the company. In the opinion of Drucker (2014), innovation is not an easy activity that is conducted by the organization. Innovation includes the development process of some product or services that are carried out before with the desire that the target audiences are satisfied with it. In order to carry out the process of innovation, the funding, customer interest, product development, employee motivation, and marketing needs to be done. The innovation goals of the organization help the employees or the team to focus on the priorities that are important for the organization. It supports the correct decision making of the managers. The innovation goals of the organization differ from one organization to another depending upon the aim and the activities performed by the organization. The appropriate innovation goals of the company are identified using the key elements of the company. The collaboration of the activities within the organization helps to determine the areas where the innovation is required. Based on these result, the innovation goals for the company are set. However, Davenport (2013) argued that the collaborative process is more than working together of the employees. Moreover, to set the appropriate innovation goals, it is important for the managers to carry out the market research and understand the market demand and the needs. Based on the demand, the innovation in the company can be performed to meet the customers expectation. On the other hand, the fresh new ideas of the employees and managers help the organization to design the appropriate innovative goals for the company that supports the firm to stand out in the market. Goldberg (2013) further suggested that defining the type of innovation that helps to boost up the growth level of the company and thereby meet the strategic objectives of the company. Adding the innovation to the formal agenda at the leadership meetings is an effective way to identify and the innovation goals for the organization. Nevertheless, identification of the innovation goals in the organization is not only the prime activity of the managers. The goals need to be effectively implemented in order to achieve the expected outcome for the company. The effectiveness of the goals can be determined by assessing the innovation goals that have been identified. To perform the assessment it is important for the innovation team to emotional ownership in the organization. In the process, the team works toward following the mission of the company, turn the ideas into sustainable, disruptive or escaping form (Christensen, Anthony and Roth 2013). As the innovative ideas are created in a very lose manner, it needs to be guided by the requirements so that the new product or venture is successfully obtained. Moreover, the assessment process includes reporting of the managers or the team coach to the company in order to analyze the performance of the company regarding the innovation. The assessment of the innovation includes assessing the consumers, the competitors and the peers of the company outside the workplace. The managers in the organization use research based strategies. Applying those strategies into the business helps in achieving the best possible outcome (Wooten and Ulrich 2014). The assessment further includes the determination of the risk involved and thereby adopts alternative risk management strategies. Conclusion The conclusion that can be drawn after evaluating different aspects of innovation is quite equal to what Schumpeter has said that if an individual wants to make profit, the person should think about innovation. The importance of innovation can be found in aspects like industrial, economic and social development. An innovation can be called once something is developed new in that field as taught by the innovation theory of Schumpeter. However, Schumpeter mainly stressed on the fact that the entrepreneur is able to bring about the innovation. It can be argued that not only the entrepreneur, at times, the employees are responsible to bring about the innovation in the organization. The entrepreneur should consider the contribution of the employees before implementing an innovation. Sim lived up to the ideas of Schumpeter by innovating the toilets for better sanitization by creating the world toilet organization. The innovation goals that have been identified are growth of an organization as well as comparative advantage. When an organization innovates, it helps them to comparative advantage over the competitors with the help of strategic decision-making. The performance of the company could be assessed to understand whether the goal set by the company has been achieved through innovation. References Amit, R. and Zott, C., 2012. Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. Baden-Fuller, C. and Haefliger, S., 2013. Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), pp.419-426. Boons, F. and Ldeke-Freund, F., 2013. Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.9-19. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J. and Wagner, M., 2013. Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.1-8. Brettel, M., Oswald, M. and Flatten, T., 2012. Alignment of market orientation and innovation as a success factor: A five-country study.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,24(2), pp.151-165. Casadesus?Masanell, R. and Zhu, F., 2013. Business model innovation and competitive imitation: The case of sponsor?based business models.Strategic management journal,34(4), pp.464-482. Christensen, C., Anthony, S. and Roth, E.A., 2013. Seeing what's next: Using the theories of innovation to predict industry change. Harvard Business Press. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Drucker, P., 2014. Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. George, G., McGahan, A.M. and Prabhu, J., 2012. Innovation for inclusive growth: Towards a theoretical framework and a research agenda.Journal of management studies,49(4), pp.661-683. Goldberg, D.E., 2013. The design of innovation: Lessons from and for competent genetic algorithms (Vol. 7). Springer Science Business Media. Jacobs, M. 2013.Social innovation: lessons from Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/social-enterprise-network/2013/may/14/social-innovation-singapore-south-korea-taiwan [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Lampel, J., Jha, P.P. and Bhalla, A., 2012. Test-driving the future: How design competitions are changing innovation.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(2), pp.71-85. Lee, T. 2014.Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem. [online] Techinasia.com. Available at: https://www.techinasia.com/5-innovative-gadgets-proudly-designed-singapore [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Seebode, D., Jeanrenaud, S. and Bessant, J., 2012. Managing innovation for sustainability.RD Management,42(3), pp.195-206. Shell.com.sg, 2016.Innovating together. [online] Shell.com.sg. Available at: https://www.shell.com.sg/energy-and-innovation/innovating-together.html [Accessed 23 Dec. 2016]. Sim, J. 2016.World Toilet. [online] World Toilet. Available at: https://worldtoilet.org/who-we-are/our-story/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. ?ledzik, K., 2013. Schumpeters view on innovation and entrepreneurship.Management Trends in Theory and Practice,(ed.) Stefan Hittmar, Faculty of Management Science and Informatics, University of Zilina Institute of Management by University of Zilina. Trimi, S. and Berbegal-Mirabent, J., 2012. Business model innovation in entrepreneurship.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(4), pp.449-465. Tung, Y. 2016.BeMyGuest becomes the first Singapore-based startup to join Fast Company's Top 50 Most Innovative Companies list. [online] e27. Available at: https://e27.co/bemyguest-becomes-first-singapore-based-startup-join-fast-companys-top-50-innovative-companies-list-20160216/ [Accessed 23 Dec. 2016]. Wooten, J.O. and Ulrich, K.T., 2014. Idea generation and the role of feedback: Evidence from field experiments with innovation tournaments. Available at SSRN 1838733. Zahra, S.A. and Nambisan, S., 2012. Entrepreneurship and strategic thinking in business ecosystems. Business Horizons, 55(3), pp.219-229.

Ishell Robinson Essays (676 words) - Gender, Identity, Biology

Ishell Robinson Elizabeth Kim English 10:40 10 August 2015 Gender as Good Hair When talking about gender one automatically classifies on e by s ex, male and female. However, ge nder has a more socially constructed meaning towards it, one being masculine and or feminine. Gender is socially constructed by what society believes how women and men should act. In the film, Good Hair , Men and women deals with not fitting in of how society perceives feminine and masculine to be. The females in the movie see and react to gender as a process and men experience gender as stratification. In the article," The Social Construction of race" Judith Lober argues that gender is socially constructed through human interaction. The women define their gender in terms of hair through the hair magazines a r ound the world. Referring back to the mo v ie when the women were having separate interviews discussing why t hey chose to wear weave, one woma n s a id it is because of the hair magazines around the world. The women want to look as beautiful as those women on the front cover . The women believe if they look like the females in the magazines , they too would be beautiful. The females changed their appearances because they were not happy with the natural look they already had . The females believe that their natural look is not good enough for society and the females in the magazines are what society think s is good /beautiful . The females think to be feminine means to be beautiful. So they go and change their look to become beautiful like the girls in the magazine. According to Lorber, "As a process, gender creates the social differences that defin e woman' and man.' In social interaction throughout their lives, individuals learn what is expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected ways" (Lorber 115). By the females seeing the magazine they reacted to the females in the magazines by changing their appearance. The magazine is a norm made by society of how a female should look. They change their appearances to become more beautiful because they believe their own look is not good enough . The females in the movie believe that to be socially accepted they have to look like the females in the magazines. The magazines allowed the females in the movie to understand and want to change their appearance to something more beautiful. Men in the movie experience gender as a structure of how women think men should act in a relationship. The females in the movie believe men should pay for their girlfriends, wife, or daughters hair because it is their job. Females believe that they do everything the man wants them to do concerning the home , that the least the man can do is pay to get the females hair done. The male should pamper his ladies for all the things they do for him. It is not required for men to do this but females believe it is , so the men are impacted by this and pay for their girlfriend, wife, or daughter's hair to keep them happy . Lorber writes, "As a structure, gender divides work in the home and in economic production, legitimates those in authority, and organizes sexuality and emotional life" (Lorber 117). How women believe what a man should do for them and or their child under the same roof allows the male to be impacted and pay for their hair. Before one has a girlfriend or boyfriend the female has to pay for their own hair and the male has to manage his own. After one becomes a couple the female takes care of the household while the man is out working and the man should be able to pamper his wife or kids. This shows how the role in the house is divided. Works Cited Lorber, Judith. "The Social Construction of Gender" Reconstructing Gender and Multicultural Anthology 4 th ed. (2006): 113-119. Print. Reflection

Great Gatsby1 essays

Great Gatsby1 essays The more things change, the more they stay the same "The Times They are a-Changin'," or so 60's singer/songwriter Bob Dylan thought. But have we really matured enough as people to say that racism and prejudice are no longer words in the English vocabulary? Most people like to think so, but the facts paint a different picture. The novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald can be used to illustrate these points. In the mid-20's, when American author F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby, it was common to use words to describe African American people that today would be seen as offensive and degrading. Mainly the sole purpose of using such words were to depict African Americans as objects, not human beings. When Nick describes the "two Bucks" and a Negro girl passing them in a horse-drawn carriage with a white chauffeur he thinks to himself "Anything can happen now that we've slid over this bridgeÃ…  anything at allÃ…  " This shows how people in Fitzgerald's time reacted to free black families. Nick describes the black males as "Bucks" because that's the name people used when they auctioned them off as slaves. He couldn't just refer to them as "men" or "gentlemen" because it was inappropriate to give blacks a high status. Throughout the novel discussing the downfall of the white race is a common topic. Tom and Daisy share thoughts about the downfall over dinner and Tom states that "If we don't look out the white race will be-will be utterly submerged," and Daisy follows that comment up with "We've got to beat them (minorities) down." Because nobody looks the same and because people fear anything different, they had no choice but to fear minorities. If you were not wealthy and white, you were feared. But racism wasn't the only degrading thing in the book; characters spoke condescendingly about people's financial status as well. If you lived in East Egg, you were wealthy and glamorous. If you lived in West Eg ...

40 Fish Idioms

40 Fish Idioms 40 Fish Idioms 40 Fish Idioms By Mark Nichol The ubiquity of fish in culinary traditions and the popularity of fishing as both a recreational pastime and a food-gathering activity has led to the development of many fish-based idioms, including those listed and described below. 1. all is fish that comes to his net: a proverb that alludes to a person’s resourcefulness 2–4. another/different/whole other kettle of fish: spoken to recognize an abrupt shift in the topic being discussed 5–6. better/other fish to fry: a reference to having more important things to do than what one is doing or than what is proposed 7. big fish: an important or influential person 8–9. big fish in a little/small pond: an important or influential person on an insignificant scale, such as in a small community 10. cold fish: a person who does not exude friendliness or show emotions 11. cry stinking fish (primarily British English): self-deprecate 12. drink like a fish: imbibe excessive amounts of alcohol 13–14. fine/pretty kettle of fish: a predicament 15. fish around: investigate 16–17. fish for a compliment/compliments: encourage someone to say something favorable about you without asking outright 18. fish in troubled waters: involve oneself in a dangerous or difficult situation to risk gaining an advantage 19. fish or cut bait: an admonition to act or to remove oneself as an obstacle to another person acting 20. fish out of water: a reference to a person who feels awkward or uncomfortable because he or she is in an unfamiliar environment 21–24. fish out/fish out of/fish up/fish up out of: retrieve (the first variation is also used literally to mean â€Å"deplete a body of water of its fish population by overfishing†) 25. fish story: an exaggerated account or tall tale, from the supposed tendency of fishermen to claim that the â€Å"one that got away† was larger than it actually was 26. fish-eating grin: smug smile 27. fish-eye lens: a type of wide-angle camera lens 28. fish: inept or stupid person 29. fishy: suspicious 30. like shooting fish in a barrel: a reference to something that is extremely easy to do, on the notion that fish swimming in a barrel rather than in open water make for an easy target 31–32. need (something) like/about as much as a fish needs a bicycle: a reference to the incompatibility of a fish and a bicycle to convey that something is utterly useless to someone 33. neither fish nor fowl: an allusion to something difficult to categorize, describe, or understand 34–35. odd/queer fish: a strange person 36–37. plenty of/more fish in the sea: a reference to the notion that many other romantic partners are available to one after the end of a relationship or after one is rejected by another person 38. teach a man to fish: the essence of a proverb, one version of which is â€Å"Give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day; teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime,† which means that it is better to teach someone to do something than to do it for him or her 39. The cat would eat fish but would not wet her feet: A proverbial comment referring to the necessity of enduring annoyance or taking risks to achieve goals 40. What’s that got to do with the price of fish? (primarily British English): a response to an irrelevant comment or a non sequitur Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words8 Writing Tips for Beginners40 Idioms with First

Final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Final paper - Essay Example France is noted to have been the first state in Western Europe to remove the sanction placed on homosexuality, 1791. It is important to note the existence of a mental condition, which hinders one from realizing their true sexual orientation, thus leaving them thoroughly confused. This mostly occurs at the youth stage where one is most vulnerable to the influences of the world. Derald Wing Sue and David Sue (2013) describe the struggle by for individuals who realize that the expected social norms are not in line with their internal thoughts and feelings on the subject. There are groups set out in the world ill-equipped to handle the name-calling, bullying and numerous other offences that are dished out to them. Physical violence is not unheard of for anti-‘something extremists who believe the world would do better without the smaller minorities (Saewyc et al., 2006). Israelites were highly discriminated by the Nazis in the era of Hitler; the black Americans have had a long history of discrimination before they were finally accepted. These are only a minor fraction of the numerous discrimination cases that can be exemplified for the benefit of the context. However, the common factor that stands out is their devious behavior to natural norms and lack of conformity. This makes them easy targets for wrong-minded individuals who believe that they are supposed to be the predominant group. In most countries, the LGBT community has been accepted legally. However, facts on the ground indicate that there is a sort of cold war between them and extremist who refuse to accept them regardless of law. This creates a stigmatized community with little to no voice depending on the location. Despite proof of the community having existed in the society for as far back as millennia BC, the human nature seeks to root out any irregularities in the system. These are the deviants and those who seem to

Does the highschool disploma guarantee sucess in math corses in Research Paper

Does the highschool disploma guarantee sucess in math corses in college - Research Paper Example Students who may have not performed as required in high school need to pursue developmental courses to boost their high school diploma so as to be able to gain entry to college courses. Primarily, developmental courses have been developed to enhance certain skills among students before being accepted to do math courses in college. Policymakers and faculties of higher education recognize that there is inadequate preparation for students in high schools, thus fails to meet the demands of college courses. Moreover, success of higher education among students is dependent on adequate performance of students in high school diploma. Nevertheless, diverse nature of college courses with regards to their academic demands and expectations contributes largely to lack of understanding among high school diploma graduates (Chinwah 1). Studies have carefully analyzed geometry, statistics, data analysis and algebra skills required for success in math courses in college. Comparisons have been made with the skills needed for training in job opportunities that offer wages and salaries that are sufficient for survival of families of at least four. Math skills gained from high school diploma is considered a necessity for average and good living standards among human beings, since many occupations that offer the so-called sufficient salary require high school diploma as the necessity skills. Therefore, governments need to put in place policies that ensure all high school graduates attain particular skills necessary for higher education success. Policies have been enacted with regards to the clear understanding that math courses are very important for college courses (Heather, Rose, Betts and Julian 7). Most students are proved to having undertaken all the required courses they need to get a high school diploma without being fully qualified for success in math courses in college. High school

Mother Teresa Essay -- essays research papers

Mother Teresa was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Macedonia, on August 27, 1910. Her family was of Albanian descent. At the age of twelve, she felt strongly the call of God. She knew she had to be a missionary to spread the love of Christ. At the age of eighteen she left her parental home in Skopje and joined the Sisters of Loreto, an Irish community of nuns with missions in India. After a few months' training in Dublin she was sent to India, where on May 24, 1931, she took her initial vows as a nun. From 1931 to 1948 Mother Teresa taught at St. Mary's High School in Calcutta, but the suffering and poverty she glimpsed outside the convent walls made such a deep impression on her that in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent school and devote herself to working among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Calcutta. Although she had no funds, she depended on Divine Providence, and started an open-air school for slum children. Soon she was joined b y voluntary helpers, and financial support was also forthcoming. This made it possible for her to extend the scope of her work. On October 7, 1950, Mother Teresa received permission from the Holy See to start her own order, "The Missionaries of Charity", whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after. In 1965 the Society became an International Religious Family by a decree of Pope Paul VI. Today the order comprises Active and Contemplative b...

Fashion Trends

Fashion Trends of Youth in Pakistan Consumer Behavior Chapter 1 Introduction * Fashion It’s not just an outfit that is the offer of fashion. Rather it resides in every corner of the present landscape. Our mobile phones, our cars, our kitchens, our choice of media, the places where meet our friends- all add to the meaning of fashion. Its not enough to wear the clothes, you have to don the lifestyle too. Fashion is a conceptual term though it covers almost all aspects of our daily life.Dress is very important facet of our personality and fashion in our dress and clothes have taken its step towards international market. The retail and wholesale sector in Pakistan was worth about $40 billion in fiscal year 2012, and has been growing at 5. 3% in real (inflation-adjusted) terms for the past five years, much faster than overall economic growth during that period. Parallel to this trend in consumerism,  Digital Marketing in Pakistan has also been on the rise which has resulted in th e  Fashion Industry (specifically formal and informal lawn brands), fast accepting this unique phenomenon.Also, with the Ramazan on the go; Eid approaching in the near future and summers near their destined end, many new clothing brands have gone active and are advertising their Eid collection and Summer Sales on Facebook vigorously. So much so, that as per my calculations, one in every ten recommendations/sponsored stories or ads I see, are related to a clothing brand. Whether it be established brands like Kayseria, Khaadi  and Gul Ahmed, or newly launched premium brands like Sana Safinaz or Asim Jofa, or relatively smaller designer names like Rang Ja, The Working Woman, Mariam Aziz and Echo ll can be found actively on Facebook. Fashion industry of Pakistan has made quite a lot of progress in just a few years. Ten to fifteen years from now, this industry was still unknown to actually exist to the masses. Late with the formation of fashion councils and education centers under th e enthusiastic few who wanted to make a difference and promulgate this very institution of fashion, * Quick glance at fashion back in TIME The Swinging 60's The focus of the time was on fittings. Bell bottoms, hair pieces, narrow fitted shirts, narrow dupattas, heavy eye makeup for girls and side burns for men was order of the time.People in those times took influence from the actors whom they idealized. The Political 70's In 70's the political times changed. People turned towards patriotism. Cotton came in vogue and people were seen in loose kurtas called Awami Suits and Saris. The Materialistic 80's The 80's emerged from the drabness of the 70's and ushered in disco, glitz and glamour. People were indulged in their material instincts. In Pakistan, loose was â€Å"in† and tight was â€Å"out†. Glitter and glitz was trendy and simplicity took a back seat. Back To The East With 90's It was a time for the rival of our culture.Traditional costumes made a comeback. A lot o f embroidery, gharara, Sheirwani and Paishwaz were seen. Everyone wanted to look sleek and thin. The New Millennium â€Å"The Y2Kâ€Å" The year 2000 came with a bang moving people towards hi-tech and fast-paced living. The clothes too have become more streamlined and structured. The defined boundaries of eastern and western fashion have collapsed people wear no fuss Chinese trousers, cargo pants, iron easy cloth and manageable preferably short hair. Fusion is the call of this time * Interview with designers Maria B:Fashion is an extension of self ,an ___expression of individuality, of art and modernism- It has no borders or divides- Its passion and It is the constant evolution of society. Fashion is a form of ___expression on an individual as well as a social level—The general shift in Pakistan thank God! is towards intelligent broad-minded ideas and its now starting to reflect in the way that people are dressing up HSY: Fashion for me is your sense of living. It’s not only about dress, but it’s about you and what you live with. It can be your values and ethics, it can be everything around you. Nida ali:I think the average customer is price conscious, style conscious, trend conscious and the element of brand consciousness comes right at the end. Chapter 2 The Consumer Segmentation & Targeting In a broader view and unbiased analysis, the Pakistani fashion industry has certainly played a very constructive and optimistic role in building the fashion sense and fashion trends amongst all the age groups The target we have selected to conduct a survey on the changing trends in fashion scenario is a combination of both the genders from the age range of 15 to 35 years of age regardless of any income bracket from the educated community.This range can be justified with the projection of the following statistics. The income ranges depict that our target market is almost equally from all income groups and people do follow fashion regardless of incom e brackets in one way or the other. Our target market of research comprises of a major chunk from the age range of 21 to 25 years being 76%. While having smaller portions of age 15-20 and 26-30 with sizes of 14% and 10% respectively. The youth mainly the fashion seekers and followers are in the continuation of their education period.As, this is the age when fashion becomes a craze for them. 63% females are fashion conscious willing to participate in a fashion survey while 37% are from the male category of consumers. * Media of Approach The fashion consumer of today is constantly bombarded with different types of stimuli in different forms of advertising. Today’s fashion consumer is more sophisticated and demanding than the consumer of the past. Looking at history, fashion runways and fashion shows have been the biggest inspirations for the fashion industry.We have assessed from these facts that regardless of the rapid growth in new mediums of information search like online so urces of 13%, The traditional media is still more trustworthy for the consumer to attain the information they require for their shopping like Fashion shows & Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively. Fashion magazines are an extension of the marketing departments of large fashion companies. For a designer, the fashion show is a way to broadcast ideas. It is a medium. The growing Online trend The growing trend of online queries and locating stores, if not e-purchases, have also seen a tremendous rise which is understandable considering  Ã‚  females make up 31% of Pakistan’s Facebook population of almost 7 Million and the age group from 18-34 years makes 76% of the said population. These stats quite clearly infer that  Digital has most certainly become an effective medium of  transforming  information and communicating with this industry’s target group. In addition to the remarkable customer service m ost of the fashion brands inPakistan are providing online, it is worthy to note that digital media has leveled the playing field for all brands, irrespective of their sizes. It has given all sorts of brands the leverage to promote themselves and explore social media marketing for their advantage, especially if traditional mediums like billboards, print ads, TVCs etc are out of budget. This graph represents the presence of facebook fans of various brands locally in Pakistan and worldwide as well. The appreciation of facebook and other social media networks as a tool of marketing is growing very rapidly in a very short time among our young generation.Considering these statistics, we can appraise the standing of these various brand among the consumers and their level of appreciation in the market. Keeping these stats and trends in mind, one can evidently conclude that digital and eventually mobile marketing has an immense potential for the Fashion Industry. If the growth trends continu e to move in the same direction and at a similar pace, there should certainly be no stopping social media marketing from making brands re-allocate  their budgets from traditional to online mediums. Chapter 3 Market Research * Problem StatementHow does the behavior of a fashion consumer changes with upcoming fashion trends? * Research Methods * Questionnaire We have gathered information from our target market with 30 questionnaires duly filled by the prospects from our target market at various places with different set of ideals for a broader perspective and analyzed the results. The questionnaire is attached. * Focus Group We conducted a focus group of 8 attendees from our target market and concluded healthy discussion on the concerned issue. The moderator guide of the focus group is attached at the end. Online Focus Group on FaceBook We have conducted a focus group online through the platform of facebook as we do realize that the major chunk of our target study is active on socia l media networks. * Interviews Our search also consists of the interviews from the fashion industry to gather an over view about fashion from the producers of this wave. * Mall Intercepts We have visited quite a few stores, brand outlets and malls surveying for practical encounters and recorded the views of some consumers in video and others in writing.Our surveys destinations included Suzy, Shirt & Tie Shop, Hyperstar at Fortress Stadium while some interviews were conducted on the streets there. * Boutique Survey We also encountered the people running those boutiques and assessed their perceptions briefly. Chapter 4 Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by the demographics and household structures, needs, emotions, values and personality, group influences, information processing and decision making along with purchase behavior. Consumers are becoming more demanding, which is forcing fashion retailers to provide the right product at the right time.Information and trends are moving around the globe at high speed, resulting in more options and thus the consumers shop more often. The consumers need for uniqueness forces fashion retailers to constantly renew their styles. * Culture In case of cultural preferences, we often see people with different style statements living in the same area or same people having same appearances living at areas with vast distances. This is a fact which projects the importance of presence of culture in our lives which we tend to follow in almost all walks of our life.The most followed culture is equally distributed among regional and family preferences with the health of 37% each. Most of the population tend to follow what is being pursued in their region for ages, for instance, in Pakistan, with many differences in lifestyle, we all still follow some basic similar values. On the other hand, if we take Family culture into account, it refers to the values we share with our family, the way we present ourselves based on our family background, living standards and lifestyle. 19% incorporate multiple cultures in their attire and appearance while 4% opts for Western style of dressing.Social Class Fashion reflects our society and our culture. likewise it reflects how people define themselves People tend to follow what is in and what is the wave of the present current in fashion. 44% of our participants from consumer market are inclined towards the ongoing trends, while another major chunk is attracted towards the designer cuts or brand for their choice of attire. Former categories comprise of the majority while small parts of the market follow Celebrity with 6%, 6% towards price, 6% of advertisements while 10% people go for friend’s advise and attire. * Consumer Behavior Model Involvement of senses (Touch, sight) When we judge the quality of an apparel, the foremost concern for the consumer is the quality of the product which is preferred by 50% even for the youngsters who do not really care for the long life of the products. Some follow View of the fabric and its name share the same standing of 17% while a greater appreciation of Brand name of 24%. * Personal Selection Factors * Hedonic consumption Value of a garment is being defined as an interactive partiality experience, and distinguishes a person’s experience of interacting with an object or event.Enjoyable experiences in a store reflect different types of hedonic values. Values are defined as consumer behavior that regards the emotional and fantasy aspect of consumers’ interactions with products. Comparing to its utilitarian counterpart, the hedonic shopping value is more personal and associated with playfulness and fun. For instance, it is fairly common that people shop for both utilitarian and hedonic grounds, as well as a positive mood can come from consumers following either type of shopping. A reason for consumers to go shopping can also be the possibility to socialize with their friends.An indi vidual’s set of values is very important regarding consumption activities. Many purchases are made because consumers think that purchasing products will result in reaching value-related goals. Shopping for clothes is considered recreational, satisfying and rewarding. Impulse buying is important to fulfill hedonic desires. There is an evident link between impulse buying behavior and hedonic shopping. Clothes purchased to satisfy hedonic needs seem to be chosen without planning and characterize an impulse buying event as can be witnessed like 50% of the buyers.Consumers are driven to hedonic shopping experiences by new fashion styles and brand image salience, which in turn motivates fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior. On the other hand, people who are rational in their decisions and finalize their action after going through all pros and cons. * Consumer Involvement * Motivation Clothing is referred to as specialty good since consumers often make the effort of seeking out the garment that they require. Motivational need can be both utilitarian and hedonic. The end state that the consumer has the intention to reach is the goal.How urgent the consumer wants to reduce the need depends on whether the need is hedonic or utilitarian, this is called the consumer’s drive. One indication of a need is a person’s want, which is created by a combination of cultural and personal factors. These statistics project the motivational elements which encourage a consumer to make a purchase. The most prominent motivator is an occasion or event which motivates 43% of the targeted sample. While, 20% are for Friends and 20% for family suggestions. Celebrity styles and icons attract and motivate 17% of our audience.Fashion-oriented impulse buying happens when consumers find a new fashion product and buy it due to the motivation to buy new products; products they did not plan on buying. Here we can see the level of motivation and the elements which influences a person to make a purchase. 40% are the impulse buyers who immediately opt for purchase with the product and the internal drive. The other major category observed in our survey was that of people who are motivated with advice of friends and family. This 46% require someone to support their choice.Two small classes of 7% being those who spent more tie and opt to search for further alternatives or more information about the item before making a purchase. * Motivational Conflict Approach-Approach According to our survey results, consumers often face Approch-Approch conflict when they have to choose between two dresses appealing them at the same level. Approach-Avoidance Another conflict of Approach-Avoidance also exists when a design attracts to a consumer at a designer shop but meanwhile price element restricts a particular customer. Level of Involvement Inertia: Inertia basically describes the low level of involvement towards the chosen product that either the consumer is willing to p ay an effort before purchase or not? In fashion industry, according to our survey some respondent’s level of involvement was low because they just go to any shop; strongly use their heuristics and mental short cuts to buy apparel. Cult: The second concept which also prevails in the fashion industry is that, a part of consumer’s level of involvement is also very high in terms of shopping clothes.Because they put a lot of exertion in choosing and purchasing outfit having a feel of passion and consider their apparel as a symbol of their individual personality. * Need Theory Implementation * Self Concept * Self Concept When clothes leave the fabric they are merely garments. It is not until the marketers get hold of them that they become fashion. Clothing and accessories express how we feel, how we see ourselves and how we wish to be conceived by others. When we buy clothes we buy an identity. Fashion constitutes an important societal part of the individual’s well-be ing.Through the right choice of clothing it is possible for an individual to improve his or her self-esteem and acceptance by other people. Identities and social roles appear through people’s choice of clothing and accessories. Clothes function as symbols that indicate status, gender, social group allegiance and personality. Fashion is a way of expressing oneself and it says a lot about the person. * Fantasy Clothes shopping is considered to be more attractive. It is a break from the normal routine and it is an opportunity for fantasy and self-expression.What we wear is a complete expression of who we are. The appearance is the first indicator of personality to be judged. We portray ourselves what we fantasize about our own personality following our ideals through our accessories, our choice of movies, the interior of our house and most prominently our attire. We judged from our sample that majority of our sample portrays themselves to be decent yet fashionable being 54% of t he whole sample depicting a major part of our culture. Secondly, 30% fashion consumers tend to portray themselves to be lively and energetic.Some 14% try to explicitly present themselves as an open personality and extrovert. A few demonstrate themselves to be shy and submissive. It’s not enough to be fashionable-one wishes to appear intelligent as well. * Gender Orientation â€Å"Modern marketing has relied on gender to help understand and explain consumers and their behavior. † Women see clothes as a mean for self-identity, whereas men focus more on functional benefits. Women see shopping as something recreational, it is important to emphasize the hedonic and experiential attributes of shopping.Women spend twice as long time in a shop as men and the typical window-shopper is a woman. Men and women think differently, and these gender-specific brain differences show a significant effect on how the individual absorb, process and retain information. The following Pivot Ta ble exhibits the relation of gender with the style they follow for their purchase with a graphical representation which is extracted from our Online Facebook survey. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Casual| 4| 8| Celebrity| 0| 1| Formal| 4| 3| Present day| 3| 12| Grand Total| 11| 24| | | Another Pivot Table is extracted from our survey which depicts the relation of gender with the inclination of consumer towards Price or Style conscious personality. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Price Conscious| 7| 9| Style Conscious| 4| 15| Grand Total| 11| 24| Men don’t buy fashion – they buy clothes Men are comparatively less sophisticated consumers of fashion than women. * Extended Self â€Å"Fashion is an extension of self and expression of individuality† All the possessions of a person add an extra glamour to the personality.These can be the clothes, accessories, cell phones or your jewelery which adds an extra charm to what you ide alize and portray about your personality. This extract shows the inclination of people towards various categories to embrace an additional appeal to their personality. This is clearly visible that clothes and shoes are the possessions that exhibits glamour and is the centre of attention for most of the youngsters being 37% each. While 14% go for jewelery, 6% for glasses, 6% for wrist watches and 7% opt for mobile phones as their charming accessory. Personality & Chosen Product MatchYour perception towards fashion is what you personality is regarding this particular field. This graphical representation clearly demonstrates the personality of our target youngsters in terms of fashion trends and their own self. Sober looks and Maturity is the dominant trait occupying 34%. * Product symbolization The Fashion Pyramid * Freudian Theory (diagram interpretation) [Id = Brain attack , Superego = Heart attack, Ego = A balance with heart on one and brain on the other side) (landscape) * Trait t heory Various distinct traits are associated with different fields of life projected by the consumer of that particular segment.Likewise many traits are associated with fashion industry and consumers monitoring and following the changing trends. For instance, it is suggested that people who are more communally oriented (a female trait) will enjoy shopping more because of their psychological identification with the communal nature of the task. * Product congruence & Consumer Lifestyle Loyal customers spend more each shopping trip, and are more time-conscious. Our clothes are often an expression of our spirit and character, so there is nothing wrong with finding a look that suits you and relying on it.Here the question is do consumers calibrate their wardrobe to better illustrate their present mood & personality to therefore show overall congruence and harmony? Well, a direct relation exists between the clothing you choose to wear and your overall personality in terms of congruency. A ccording to our one of the consumers view, â€Å"I have noticed that when I am feeling very energetic, and very outgoing, I will pick out clothing from my closet that resembles my mood: loud, and vibrant. Yellow t-shirts, red watch, etc. Meanwhile, other times, when I’m n a mellower and laid back mood, I will wear more toned down clothing, sometimes just a black tee-shirt and jeans. † Fashion is based on creating a need, where in reality, there is none. Fashion is a factory that manufactures desire. Pre occupation with fashion reveals a level of insecurity. It’s like they are worried about being judged. People obsessed with fashion feel that if they’ve changed their look, they’ve also evolved emotionally. They live in a state of being extremely conscious about their appearance. * Decision Making * Heuristics * Shopping Atmosphere * Post Purchase Satisfaction Product Disposal The product disposal is an important issue to be discussed as we keep on a dding accessories to our wardrobe and stuff it with articles. It is essential to know what consumers opt for after It is deducted that 75% people give their clothes to others which is a good indication of society. While 19% stuff it forever even if not in use. On the other hand. 6% completely destroy them. * Risks associated with new trends The elements of fashion not liked by the target youngsters can backfire and become a risk for the Fashion Brands. As, â€Å"The fashion industry is the ultimate fashion victim†Other Risks include: Chapter 5 Extract Chapter 6 Attachments Survey Questionnaire Fashion Trends in Pakistan I am a student of MBIT from IBIT, PU and this questionnaire is purely for research purpose and the information you provide help me gain better understanding of Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. The success of this research depends on honest answers so I assure that your response will be kept confidential. Tick the answer you prefer. SECTION 1: YOU C. Occupa tion? a) Student b) Job c) Business d) Other, Please Specify ___________ 1. A. Age? a) 15-20 b) 21-25 c) 26-30 d) 31-35D. Gender? a) Male b) Female B. Family Monthly Income? e) 15000-25000 f) 26000-35000 g) 36000-50000 h) Above 50000 E. How are you feeling today? c) happy c) excited d) sad d) depressed SECTION 2: YOUR FASHION 1. Fashion to you is: a) Looking cool and hipc) Comfort ability b) Looking sober and matured) A way to express my inner self 2. Which current fashion trend you love the most? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Which fashion trend you hate the most? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. c) Present day fashion ) Celebrity Which fashion style/trend do you tend to follow when you purchase clothes? a) Formal b) Casual 5. Who is your ideal fashion personality? _____________________________ 6. What does your clothing portray about your personality a) Open Personalityb) Shy person c) Hip Hop d) D ecent e) Lively f) Bold 7. Which of your accessories adds glamour to your overall personality? a) Clothingb) Mobile phone c) Jewelry d) Shoes e) Wrist watches f) Glasses 8. What influences you the most when you buy clothes? a) Ongoing Trendsb) Designer/Brand c)Celebrity d) Pricee) Advertisementsf) Friends 9.How much are you willing to spend on one item of clothing from a new trend of fashion? a)1000-2000 b)2000-5000 c)5000-10000d)10000 & above 10. What would encourage you to try out new fashion and style? a) Celebrity’s Styleb) Friend’s Suggestion c) Family’s Suggestiond) An Occasion | 11. What do you mostly dislike about fashion? a) Changes quicklyb) Expensive c) Not suitable d) Turns into a craze 12. What is the most recently added item to your accessories? ____________________________ 13. Does a new trend influence your wardrobe? a) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 14. Do you readily adopt new trends? ) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 15. How do you judge a fabric? a)Touc hb) Viewc) Brand named) Fabric name 16. Are your purchases? c) Plannedb) Immediate | 17. What is your action when a dress or an accessory attracts you? d) Immediately buyc) Consult a friend or family member e) Search for alternativesd) Search for more information 18. Which kinds of shopping destination you buy most of your clothes from? a) Super markets and shopping mallsc) Fashion shows and exhibitions b) Designer boutiques & Brandsd) Bazaars 19. What are your cultural preferences in fashion? a) Family culturec)Western culture ) Regional cultured) A combination of trends from multiple cultures 20. What do you do after your purchase? i) When satisfied a) Refer others b) Feel achievement c) Repeat purchases from the same place ii) When dissatisfied a) Feel angry b)Tell others to avoid c) Never visit the same place 21. How do you dispose of your clothes a) Keep the item b) Destroy c) Give it to others to use 22. What would you mostly like to see in an advertisement? a) Pictures of the shop and locationc) Products available b) Information about the designer d) All the above 3. Which medium do you trust for your purchases? a) Magazinesd)Fashion Shows & Exhibitions b) Billboardse) TV Commercials c) Online Sources Moderator Guide I Thank you all very much for helping us and participating in our project research. What we are conducting is called a focus group. It is mainly a form of discussion among all of you on our research topic. You can agree, disagree on any point or you can just provide with a comment. You can also propose any new idea regarding the subject and you can freely express your views and opinions. This is just like a routine lounge talk.We request you to convey your point clearly and if possible one at a time to save from any confusion or misunderstanding. If any questions regarding the format of the focus group, you can ask ? Now, I’l explain the topic, we are here to discuss. That is The Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. Everybody today, is somehow associated with fashion either in favor or against. . Similarly, you all must be used to of decorating your wardrobe with latest fashion articles. Most of you would be used to of visiting various bazaars and malls for your clothing needs. And must be having your views and suggestions for this very industry.We are going to talk about the same. Before we start, if any one have any queries. Please do ask? Now friends , We’ll continue with our discussion Warm Up Questions:- 1. How much time do you spare for your leisure activities? 2. How much time in a month do you spent on shopping? 3. Do you consider shopping a source of entertainment? Specific Questions:- Current Scenario of Audience 4. Do you visit exhibitions for your purchases? 5. Do you consider fashion shows a source of latest updates for your fashion? 6. May I ask about your favorite places to shop? 7. What is your recently added item in your clothing? 8.Are you price conscious or style conscious? Reason of F ailure 9. What do you think is the main content of our Pakistani fashion currently being promoted? 10. What is that one factor that stops you from adopting a fashion trend? 11. In your opinion, what is the one major difference between ordinary and designer brand items? 12. When I speak of Fashion, What picture comes to your mind? 13. Now, what if the same product is being sold in a local and a designer brand, Which one you’ll prefer to buy? Why? I am really thankful to you all for this valuable effort and specially your time. Bibliography Solomon, M. R. Consumer Behavior. Fashion Trends Fashion Trends of Youth in Pakistan Consumer Behavior Chapter 1 Introduction * Fashion It’s not just an outfit that is the offer of fashion. Rather it resides in every corner of the present landscape. Our mobile phones, our cars, our kitchens, our choice of media, the places where meet our friends- all add to the meaning of fashion. Its not enough to wear the clothes, you have to don the lifestyle too. Fashion is a conceptual term though it covers almost all aspects of our daily life.Dress is very important facet of our personality and fashion in our dress and clothes have taken its step towards international market. The retail and wholesale sector in Pakistan was worth about $40 billion in fiscal year 2012, and has been growing at 5. 3% in real (inflation-adjusted) terms for the past five years, much faster than overall economic growth during that period. Parallel to this trend in consumerism,  Digital Marketing in Pakistan has also been on the rise which has resulted in th e  Fashion Industry (specifically formal and informal lawn brands), fast accepting this unique phenomenon.Also, with the Ramazan on the go; Eid approaching in the near future and summers near their destined end, many new clothing brands have gone active and are advertising their Eid collection and Summer Sales on Facebook vigorously. So much so, that as per my calculations, one in every ten recommendations/sponsored stories or ads I see, are related to a clothing brand. Whether it be established brands like Kayseria, Khaadi  and Gul Ahmed, or newly launched premium brands like Sana Safinaz or Asim Jofa, or relatively smaller designer names like Rang Ja, The Working Woman, Mariam Aziz and Echo ll can be found actively on Facebook. Fashion industry of Pakistan has made quite a lot of progress in just a few years. Ten to fifteen years from now, this industry was still unknown to actually exist to the masses. Late with the formation of fashion councils and education centers under th e enthusiastic few who wanted to make a difference and promulgate this very institution of fashion, * Quick glance at fashion back in TIME The Swinging 60's The focus of the time was on fittings. Bell bottoms, hair pieces, narrow fitted shirts, narrow dupattas, heavy eye makeup for girls and side burns for men was order of the time.People in those times took influence from the actors whom they idealized. The Political 70's In 70's the political times changed. People turned towards patriotism. Cotton came in vogue and people were seen in loose kurtas called Awami Suits and Saris. The Materialistic 80's The 80's emerged from the drabness of the 70's and ushered in disco, glitz and glamour. People were indulged in their material instincts. In Pakistan, loose was â€Å"in† and tight was â€Å"out†. Glitter and glitz was trendy and simplicity took a back seat. Back To The East With 90's It was a time for the rival of our culture.Traditional costumes made a comeback. A lot o f embroidery, gharara, Sheirwani and Paishwaz were seen. Everyone wanted to look sleek and thin. The New Millennium â€Å"The Y2Kâ€Å" The year 2000 came with a bang moving people towards hi-tech and fast-paced living. The clothes too have become more streamlined and structured. The defined boundaries of eastern and western fashion have collapsed people wear no fuss Chinese trousers, cargo pants, iron easy cloth and manageable preferably short hair. Fusion is the call of this time * Interview with designers Maria B:Fashion is an extension of self ,an ___expression of individuality, of art and modernism- It has no borders or divides- Its passion and It is the constant evolution of society. Fashion is a form of ___expression on an individual as well as a social level—The general shift in Pakistan thank God! is towards intelligent broad-minded ideas and its now starting to reflect in the way that people are dressing up HSY: Fashion for me is your sense of living. It’s not only about dress, but it’s about you and what you live with. It can be your values and ethics, it can be everything around you. Nida ali:I think the average customer is price conscious, style conscious, trend conscious and the element of brand consciousness comes right at the end. Chapter 2 The Consumer Segmentation & Targeting In a broader view and unbiased analysis, the Pakistani fashion industry has certainly played a very constructive and optimistic role in building the fashion sense and fashion trends amongst all the age groups The target we have selected to conduct a survey on the changing trends in fashion scenario is a combination of both the genders from the age range of 15 to 35 years of age regardless of any income bracket from the educated community.This range can be justified with the projection of the following statistics. The income ranges depict that our target market is almost equally from all income groups and people do follow fashion regardless of incom e brackets in one way or the other. Our target market of research comprises of a major chunk from the age range of 21 to 25 years being 76%. While having smaller portions of age 15-20 and 26-30 with sizes of 14% and 10% respectively. The youth mainly the fashion seekers and followers are in the continuation of their education period.As, this is the age when fashion becomes a craze for them. 63% females are fashion conscious willing to participate in a fashion survey while 37% are from the male category of consumers. * Media of Approach The fashion consumer of today is constantly bombarded with different types of stimuli in different forms of advertising. Today’s fashion consumer is more sophisticated and demanding than the consumer of the past. Looking at history, fashion runways and fashion shows have been the biggest inspirations for the fashion industry.We have assessed from these facts that regardless of the rapid growth in new mediums of information search like online so urces of 13%, The traditional media is still more trustworthy for the consumer to attain the information they require for their shopping like Fashion shows & Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively. Fashion magazines are an extension of the marketing departments of large fashion companies. For a designer, the fashion show is a way to broadcast ideas. It is a medium. The growing Online trend The growing trend of online queries and locating stores, if not e-purchases, have also seen a tremendous rise which is understandable considering  Ã‚  females make up 31% of Pakistan’s Facebook population of almost 7 Million and the age group from 18-34 years makes 76% of the said population. These stats quite clearly infer that  Digital has most certainly become an effective medium of  transforming  information and communicating with this industry’s target group. In addition to the remarkable customer service m ost of the fashion brands inPakistan are providing online, it is worthy to note that digital media has leveled the playing field for all brands, irrespective of their sizes. It has given all sorts of brands the leverage to promote themselves and explore social media marketing for their advantage, especially if traditional mediums like billboards, print ads, TVCs etc are out of budget. This graph represents the presence of facebook fans of various brands locally in Pakistan and worldwide as well. The appreciation of facebook and other social media networks as a tool of marketing is growing very rapidly in a very short time among our young generation.Considering these statistics, we can appraise the standing of these various brand among the consumers and their level of appreciation in the market. Keeping these stats and trends in mind, one can evidently conclude that digital and eventually mobile marketing has an immense potential for the Fashion Industry. If the growth trends continu e to move in the same direction and at a similar pace, there should certainly be no stopping social media marketing from making brands re-allocate  their budgets from traditional to online mediums. Chapter 3 Market Research * Problem StatementHow does the behavior of a fashion consumer changes with upcoming fashion trends? * Research Methods * Questionnaire We have gathered information from our target market with 30 questionnaires duly filled by the prospects from our target market at various places with different set of ideals for a broader perspective and analyzed the results. The questionnaire is attached. * Focus Group We conducted a focus group of 8 attendees from our target market and concluded healthy discussion on the concerned issue. The moderator guide of the focus group is attached at the end. Online Focus Group on FaceBook We have conducted a focus group online through the platform of facebook as we do realize that the major chunk of our target study is active on socia l media networks. * Interviews Our search also consists of the interviews from the fashion industry to gather an over view about fashion from the producers of this wave. * Mall Intercepts We have visited quite a few stores, brand outlets and malls surveying for practical encounters and recorded the views of some consumers in video and others in writing.Our surveys destinations included Suzy, Shirt & Tie Shop, Hyperstar at Fortress Stadium while some interviews were conducted on the streets there. * Boutique Survey We also encountered the people running those boutiques and assessed their perceptions briefly. Chapter 4 Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by the demographics and household structures, needs, emotions, values and personality, group influences, information processing and decision making along with purchase behavior. Consumers are becoming more demanding, which is forcing fashion retailers to provide the right product at the right time.Information and trends are moving around the globe at high speed, resulting in more options and thus the consumers shop more often. The consumers need for uniqueness forces fashion retailers to constantly renew their styles. * Culture In case of cultural preferences, we often see people with different style statements living in the same area or same people having same appearances living at areas with vast distances. This is a fact which projects the importance of presence of culture in our lives which we tend to follow in almost all walks of our life.The most followed culture is equally distributed among regional and family preferences with the health of 37% each. Most of the population tend to follow what is being pursued in their region for ages, for instance, in Pakistan, with many differences in lifestyle, we all still follow some basic similar values. On the other hand, if we take Family culture into account, it refers to the values we share with our family, the way we present ourselves based on our family background, living standards and lifestyle. 19% incorporate multiple cultures in their attire and appearance while 4% opts for Western style of dressing.Social Class Fashion reflects our society and our culture. likewise it reflects how people define themselves People tend to follow what is in and what is the wave of the present current in fashion. 44% of our participants from consumer market are inclined towards the ongoing trends, while another major chunk is attracted towards the designer cuts or brand for their choice of attire. Former categories comprise of the majority while small parts of the market follow Celebrity with 6%, 6% towards price, 6% of advertisements while 10% people go for friend’s advise and attire. * Consumer Behavior Model Involvement of senses (Touch, sight) When we judge the quality of an apparel, the foremost concern for the consumer is the quality of the product which is preferred by 50% even for the youngsters who do not really care for the long life of the products. Some follow View of the fabric and its name share the same standing of 17% while a greater appreciation of Brand name of 24%. * Personal Selection Factors * Hedonic consumption Value of a garment is being defined as an interactive partiality experience, and distinguishes a person’s experience of interacting with an object or event.Enjoyable experiences in a store reflect different types of hedonic values. Values are defined as consumer behavior that regards the emotional and fantasy aspect of consumers’ interactions with products. Comparing to its utilitarian counterpart, the hedonic shopping value is more personal and associated with playfulness and fun. For instance, it is fairly common that people shop for both utilitarian and hedonic grounds, as well as a positive mood can come from consumers following either type of shopping. A reason for consumers to go shopping can also be the possibility to socialize with their friends.An indi vidual’s set of values is very important regarding consumption activities. Many purchases are made because consumers think that purchasing products will result in reaching value-related goals. Shopping for clothes is considered recreational, satisfying and rewarding. Impulse buying is important to fulfill hedonic desires. There is an evident link between impulse buying behavior and hedonic shopping. Clothes purchased to satisfy hedonic needs seem to be chosen without planning and characterize an impulse buying event as can be witnessed like 50% of the buyers.Consumers are driven to hedonic shopping experiences by new fashion styles and brand image salience, which in turn motivates fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior. On the other hand, people who are rational in their decisions and finalize their action after going through all pros and cons. * Consumer Involvement * Motivation Clothing is referred to as specialty good since consumers often make the effort of seeking out the garment that they require. Motivational need can be both utilitarian and hedonic. The end state that the consumer has the intention to reach is the goal.How urgent the consumer wants to reduce the need depends on whether the need is hedonic or utilitarian, this is called the consumer’s drive. One indication of a need is a person’s want, which is created by a combination of cultural and personal factors. These statistics project the motivational elements which encourage a consumer to make a purchase. The most prominent motivator is an occasion or event which motivates 43% of the targeted sample. While, 20% are for Friends and 20% for family suggestions. Celebrity styles and icons attract and motivate 17% of our audience.Fashion-oriented impulse buying happens when consumers find a new fashion product and buy it due to the motivation to buy new products; products they did not plan on buying. Here we can see the level of motivation and the elements which influences a person to make a purchase. 40% are the impulse buyers who immediately opt for purchase with the product and the internal drive. The other major category observed in our survey was that of people who are motivated with advice of friends and family. This 46% require someone to support their choice.Two small classes of 7% being those who spent more tie and opt to search for further alternatives or more information about the item before making a purchase. * Motivational Conflict Approach-Approach According to our survey results, consumers often face Approch-Approch conflict when they have to choose between two dresses appealing them at the same level. Approach-Avoidance Another conflict of Approach-Avoidance also exists when a design attracts to a consumer at a designer shop but meanwhile price element restricts a particular customer. Level of Involvement Inertia: Inertia basically describes the low level of involvement towards the chosen product that either the consumer is willing to p ay an effort before purchase or not? In fashion industry, according to our survey some respondent’s level of involvement was low because they just go to any shop; strongly use their heuristics and mental short cuts to buy apparel. Cult: The second concept which also prevails in the fashion industry is that, a part of consumer’s level of involvement is also very high in terms of shopping clothes.Because they put a lot of exertion in choosing and purchasing outfit having a feel of passion and consider their apparel as a symbol of their individual personality. * Need Theory Implementation * Self Concept * Self Concept When clothes leave the fabric they are merely garments. It is not until the marketers get hold of them that they become fashion. Clothing and accessories express how we feel, how we see ourselves and how we wish to be conceived by others. When we buy clothes we buy an identity. Fashion constitutes an important societal part of the individual’s well-be ing.Through the right choice of clothing it is possible for an individual to improve his or her self-esteem and acceptance by other people. Identities and social roles appear through people’s choice of clothing and accessories. Clothes function as symbols that indicate status, gender, social group allegiance and personality. Fashion is a way of expressing oneself and it says a lot about the person. * Fantasy Clothes shopping is considered to be more attractive. It is a break from the normal routine and it is an opportunity for fantasy and self-expression.What we wear is a complete expression of who we are. The appearance is the first indicator of personality to be judged. We portray ourselves what we fantasize about our own personality following our ideals through our accessories, our choice of movies, the interior of our house and most prominently our attire. We judged from our sample that majority of our sample portrays themselves to be decent yet fashionable being 54% of t he whole sample depicting a major part of our culture. Secondly, 30% fashion consumers tend to portray themselves to be lively and energetic.Some 14% try to explicitly present themselves as an open personality and extrovert. A few demonstrate themselves to be shy and submissive. It’s not enough to be fashionable-one wishes to appear intelligent as well. * Gender Orientation â€Å"Modern marketing has relied on gender to help understand and explain consumers and their behavior. † Women see clothes as a mean for self-identity, whereas men focus more on functional benefits. Women see shopping as something recreational, it is important to emphasize the hedonic and experiential attributes of shopping.Women spend twice as long time in a shop as men and the typical window-shopper is a woman. Men and women think differently, and these gender-specific brain differences show a significant effect on how the individual absorb, process and retain information. The following Pivot Ta ble exhibits the relation of gender with the style they follow for their purchase with a graphical representation which is extracted from our Online Facebook survey. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Casual| 4| 8| Celebrity| 0| 1| Formal| 4| 3| Present day| 3| 12| Grand Total| 11| 24| | | Another Pivot Table is extracted from our survey which depicts the relation of gender with the inclination of consumer towards Price or Style conscious personality. | Values| | Row Labels| Sum of Male| Sum of Female| Price Conscious| 7| 9| Style Conscious| 4| 15| Grand Total| 11| 24| Men don’t buy fashion – they buy clothes Men are comparatively less sophisticated consumers of fashion than women. * Extended Self â€Å"Fashion is an extension of self and expression of individuality† All the possessions of a person add an extra glamour to the personality.These can be the clothes, accessories, cell phones or your jewelery which adds an extra charm to what you ide alize and portray about your personality. This extract shows the inclination of people towards various categories to embrace an additional appeal to their personality. This is clearly visible that clothes and shoes are the possessions that exhibits glamour and is the centre of attention for most of the youngsters being 37% each. While 14% go for jewelery, 6% for glasses, 6% for wrist watches and 7% opt for mobile phones as their charming accessory. Personality & Chosen Product MatchYour perception towards fashion is what you personality is regarding this particular field. This graphical representation clearly demonstrates the personality of our target youngsters in terms of fashion trends and their own self. Sober looks and Maturity is the dominant trait occupying 34%. * Product symbolization The Fashion Pyramid * Freudian Theory (diagram interpretation) [Id = Brain attack , Superego = Heart attack, Ego = A balance with heart on one and brain on the other side) (landscape) * Trait t heory Various distinct traits are associated with different fields of life projected by the consumer of that particular segment.Likewise many traits are associated with fashion industry and consumers monitoring and following the changing trends. For instance, it is suggested that people who are more communally oriented (a female trait) will enjoy shopping more because of their psychological identification with the communal nature of the task. * Product congruence & Consumer Lifestyle Loyal customers spend more each shopping trip, and are more time-conscious. Our clothes are often an expression of our spirit and character, so there is nothing wrong with finding a look that suits you and relying on it.Here the question is do consumers calibrate their wardrobe to better illustrate their present mood & personality to therefore show overall congruence and harmony? Well, a direct relation exists between the clothing you choose to wear and your overall personality in terms of congruency. A ccording to our one of the consumers view, â€Å"I have noticed that when I am feeling very energetic, and very outgoing, I will pick out clothing from my closet that resembles my mood: loud, and vibrant. Yellow t-shirts, red watch, etc. Meanwhile, other times, when I’m n a mellower and laid back mood, I will wear more toned down clothing, sometimes just a black tee-shirt and jeans. † Fashion is based on creating a need, where in reality, there is none. Fashion is a factory that manufactures desire. Pre occupation with fashion reveals a level of insecurity. It’s like they are worried about being judged. People obsessed with fashion feel that if they’ve changed their look, they’ve also evolved emotionally. They live in a state of being extremely conscious about their appearance. * Decision Making * Heuristics * Shopping Atmosphere * Post Purchase Satisfaction Product Disposal The product disposal is an important issue to be discussed as we keep on a dding accessories to our wardrobe and stuff it with articles. It is essential to know what consumers opt for after It is deducted that 75% people give their clothes to others which is a good indication of society. While 19% stuff it forever even if not in use. On the other hand. 6% completely destroy them. * Risks associated with new trends The elements of fashion not liked by the target youngsters can backfire and become a risk for the Fashion Brands. As, â€Å"The fashion industry is the ultimate fashion victim†Other Risks include: Chapter 5 Extract Chapter 6 Attachments Survey Questionnaire Fashion Trends in Pakistan I am a student of MBIT from IBIT, PU and this questionnaire is purely for research purpose and the information you provide help me gain better understanding of Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. The success of this research depends on honest answers so I assure that your response will be kept confidential. Tick the answer you prefer. SECTION 1: YOU C. Occupa tion? a) Student b) Job c) Business d) Other, Please Specify ___________ 1. A. Age? a) 15-20 b) 21-25 c) 26-30 d) 31-35D. Gender? a) Male b) Female B. Family Monthly Income? e) 15000-25000 f) 26000-35000 g) 36000-50000 h) Above 50000 E. How are you feeling today? c) happy c) excited d) sad d) depressed SECTION 2: YOUR FASHION 1. Fashion to you is: a) Looking cool and hipc) Comfort ability b) Looking sober and matured) A way to express my inner self 2. Which current fashion trend you love the most? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Which fashion trend you hate the most? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. c) Present day fashion ) Celebrity Which fashion style/trend do you tend to follow when you purchase clothes? a) Formal b) Casual 5. Who is your ideal fashion personality? _____________________________ 6. What does your clothing portray about your personality a) Open Personalityb) Shy person c) Hip Hop d) D ecent e) Lively f) Bold 7. Which of your accessories adds glamour to your overall personality? a) Clothingb) Mobile phone c) Jewelry d) Shoes e) Wrist watches f) Glasses 8. What influences you the most when you buy clothes? a) Ongoing Trendsb) Designer/Brand c)Celebrity d) Pricee) Advertisementsf) Friends 9.How much are you willing to spend on one item of clothing from a new trend of fashion? a)1000-2000 b)2000-5000 c)5000-10000d)10000 & above 10. What would encourage you to try out new fashion and style? a) Celebrity’s Styleb) Friend’s Suggestion c) Family’s Suggestiond) An Occasion | 11. What do you mostly dislike about fashion? a) Changes quicklyb) Expensive c) Not suitable d) Turns into a craze 12. What is the most recently added item to your accessories? ____________________________ 13. Does a new trend influence your wardrobe? a) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 14. Do you readily adopt new trends? ) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 15. How do you judge a fabric? a)Touc hb) Viewc) Brand named) Fabric name 16. Are your purchases? c) Plannedb) Immediate | 17. What is your action when a dress or an accessory attracts you? d) Immediately buyc) Consult a friend or family member e) Search for alternativesd) Search for more information 18. Which kinds of shopping destination you buy most of your clothes from? a) Super markets and shopping mallsc) Fashion shows and exhibitions b) Designer boutiques & Brandsd) Bazaars 19. What are your cultural preferences in fashion? a) Family culturec)Western culture ) Regional cultured) A combination of trends from multiple cultures 20. What do you do after your purchase? i) When satisfied a) Refer others b) Feel achievement c) Repeat purchases from the same place ii) When dissatisfied a) Feel angry b)Tell others to avoid c) Never visit the same place 21. How do you dispose of your clothes a) Keep the item b) Destroy c) Give it to others to use 22. What would you mostly like to see in an advertisement? a) Pictures of the shop and locationc) Products available b) Information about the designer d) All the above 3. Which medium do you trust for your purchases? a) Magazinesd)Fashion Shows & Exhibitions b) Billboardse) TV Commercials c) Online Sources Moderator Guide I Thank you all very much for helping us and participating in our project research. What we are conducting is called a focus group. It is mainly a form of discussion among all of you on our research topic. You can agree, disagree on any point or you can just provide with a comment. You can also propose any new idea regarding the subject and you can freely express your views and opinions. This is just like a routine lounge talk.We request you to convey your point clearly and if possible one at a time to save from any confusion or misunderstanding. If any questions regarding the format of the focus group, you can ask ? Now, I’l explain the topic, we are here to discuss. That is The Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. Everybody today, is somehow associated with fashion either in favor or against. . Similarly, you all must be used to of decorating your wardrobe with latest fashion articles. Most of you would be used to of visiting various bazaars and malls for your clothing needs. And must be having your views and suggestions for this very industry.We are going to talk about the same. Before we start, if any one have any queries. Please do ask? Now friends , We’ll continue with our discussion Warm Up Questions:- 1. How much time do you spare for your leisure activities? 2. How much time in a month do you spent on shopping? 3. Do you consider shopping a source of entertainment? Specific Questions:- Current Scenario of Audience 4. Do you visit exhibitions for your purchases? 5. Do you consider fashion shows a source of latest updates for your fashion? 6. May I ask about your favorite places to shop? 7. What is your recently added item in your clothing? 8.Are you price conscious or style conscious? Reason of F ailure 9. What do you think is the main content of our Pakistani fashion currently being promoted? 10. What is that one factor that stops you from adopting a fashion trend? 11. In your opinion, what is the one major difference between ordinary and designer brand items? 12. When I speak of Fashion, What picture comes to your mind? 13. Now, what if the same product is being sold in a local and a designer brand, Which one you’ll prefer to buy? Why? I am really thankful to you all for this valuable effort and specially your time. Bibliography Solomon, M. R. Consumer Behavior.